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File BusyBox.1 of Package busybox-static.667
.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 2.16 (Pod::Simple 3.07) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sh \" Subsection heading .br .if t .Sp .ne 5 .PP \fB\\$1\fR .PP .. .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will .\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left .\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will .\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and .\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff, .\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .tr \(*W- .ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p' .ie n \{\ . ds -- \(*W- . ds PI pi . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch . if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch . ds L" "" . ds R" "" . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds -- \|\(em\| . ds PI \(*p . ds L" `` . ds R" '' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .ie \nF \{\ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . nr % 0 . rr F .\} .el \{\ . de IX .. .\} .\" .\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2). .\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts. . \" fudge factors for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds #H 0 . ds #V .8m . ds #F .3m . ds #[ \f1 . ds #] \fP .\} .if t \{\ . ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m) . ds #V .6m . ds #F 0 . ds #[ \& . ds #] \& .\} . \" simple accents for nroff and troff .if n \{\ . ds ' \& . ds ` \& . ds ^ \& . ds , \& . ds ~ ~ . ds / .\} .if t \{\ . ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u" . ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u' . ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u' . ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u' . ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u' . ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u' .\} . \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents .ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V' .ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H' .ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#] .ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H' .ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u' .ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#] .ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#] .ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e .ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E . \" corrections for vroff .if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u' .if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u' . \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr) .if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \ \{\ . ds : e . ds 8 ss . ds o a . ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga . ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy . ds th \o'bp' . ds Th \o'LP' . ds ae ae . ds Ae AE .\} .rm #[ #] #H #V #F C .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "BUSYBOX 1" .TH BUSYBOX 1 "2009-10-02" "version 1.16.0.git" "BusyBox" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH "NAME" BusyBox \- The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux .SH "SYNTAX" .IX Header "SYNTAX" .Vb 1 \& busybox <applet> [arguments...] # or \& \& <applet> [arguments...] # if symlinked .Ve .SH "DESCRIPTION" .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common \s-1UNIX\s0 utilities into a single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities you usually find in \s-1GNU\s0 coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their full-featured \s-1GNU\s0 cousins; however, the options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their \s-1GNU\s0 counterparts. .PP BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete \s-1POSIX\s0 environment for any small or embedded system. .PP BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable. Then run \&'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration. .PP After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory specified by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX\s0. \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX\s0 can be set when configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed in the location pointed to by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX\s0. .SH "USAGE" .IX Header "USAGE" BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable program that performs the same job as more than one utility program. That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations. .PP You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the command line. For example, entering .PP .Vb 1 \& /bin/busybox ls .Ve .PP will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'. .PP Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary. .PP For example, entering .PP .Vb 2 \& ln \-s /bin/busybox ls \& ./ls .Ve .PP will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run the 'make install' command. .PP If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary. .SH "COMMON OPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMON OPTIONS" Most BusyBox applets support the \fB\-\-help\fR argument to provide a terse runtime description of their behavior. If the \s-1CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE\s0 option has been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available. .SH "COMMANDS" .IX Header "COMMANDS" Currently available applets include: .PP .Vb 10 \& [, [[, acpid, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash, \& awk, basename, beep, blkid, brctl, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, \& catv, chat, chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, chroot, \& chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, \& cryptpw, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod, \& devmem, df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname, \& dos2unix, dpkg, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep, eject, \& env, envdir, envuidgid, expand, expr, fakeidentd, false, fbset, \& fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgrep, find, findfs, flash_lock, \& flash_unlock, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fsync, \& ftpd, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, hd, \& hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush, hwclock, id, \& ifconfig, ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, inetd, init, inotifyd, \& insmod, install, ionice, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, \& iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd, \& last, length, less, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, \& loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, \& ls, lsattr, lsmod, lzmacat, lzop, lzopcat, makemime, man, md5sum, \& mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir, mkdosfs, mkfifo, mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat, \& mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, \& mt, mv, nameif, nc, netstat, nice, nmeter, nohup, nslookup, od, \& openvt, passwd, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pipe_progress, \& pivot_root, pkill, popmaildir, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pwd, \& raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readlink, readprofile, realpath, \& reformime, renice, reset, resize, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, \& rpm2cpio, rtcwake, run\-parts, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script, \& scriptreplay, sed, sendmail, seq, setarch, setconsole, setfont, \& setkeycodes, setlogcons, setsid, setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, \& sha512sum, showkey, slattach, sleep, softlimit, sort, split, \& start\-stop\-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin, sum, sv, \& svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, \& tail, tar, taskset, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, \& time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, ttysize, \& udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, \& unix2dos, unlzma, unlzop, unzip, uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, \& vconfig, vi, vlock, volname, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, \& whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, zcip .Ve .SH "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS" .IX Header "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS" .IP "\fBacpid\fR" 4 .IX Item "acpid" acpid [\-d] [\-c \s-1CONFDIR\s0] [\-l \s-1LOGFILE\s0] [\-e \s-1PROC_EVENT_FILE\s0] [\s-1EVDEV_EVENT_FILE\s0...] .Sp Listen to \s-1ACPI\s0 events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-d Do not daemonize and log to stderr \& \-c DIR Config directory [/etc/acpi] \& \-e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event] \& \-l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid] .Ve .Sp Accept and ignore compatibility options \-g \-m \-s \-S \-v .IP "\fBaddgroup\fR" 4 .IX Item "addgroup" addgroup [\-g \s-1GID\s0] [user_name] group_name .Sp Add a group or add a user to a group .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-g GID Group id \& \-S Create a system group .Ve .IP "\fBadduser\fR" 4 .IX Item "adduser" adduser [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] user_name .Sp Add a user .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-h DIR Home directory \& \-g GECOS GECOS field \& \-s SHELL Login shell \& \-G GRP Add user to existing group \& \-S Create a system user \& \-D Do not assign a password \& \-H Do not create home directory \& \-u UID User id .Ve .IP "\fBadjtimex\fR" 4 .IX Item "adjtimex" adjtimex [\-q] [\-o offset] [\-f frequency] [\-p timeconstant] [\-t tick] .Sp Read and optionally set system timebase parameters. See \fIadjtimex\fR\|(2). .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-q Quiet \& \-o offset Time offset, microseconds \& \-f frequency Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm) \& (positive values make clock run faster) \& \-t tick Microseconds per tick, usually 10000 \& \-p timeconstant .Ve .IP "\fBar\fR" 4 .IX Item "ar" ar [\-o] [\-v] [\-p] [\-t] [\-x] \s-1ARCHIVE\s0 \s-1FILES\s0 .Sp Extract or list \s-1FILES\s0 from an ar archive .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-o Preserve original dates \& \-p Extract to stdout \& \-t List \& \-x Extract \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBarp\fR" 4 .IX Item "arp" arp [\-vn] [\-H type] [\-i if] \-a [hostname] [\-v] [\-i if] \-d hostname [pub] [\-v] [\-H type] [\-i if] \-s hostname hw_addr [temp] [\-v] [\-H type] [\-i if] \-s hostname hw_addr [netmask nm] pub [\-v] [\-H type] [\-i if] \-Ds hostname ifa [netmask nm] pub .Sp Manipulate \s-1ARP\s0 cache .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 9 \& \-a Display (all) hosts \& \-s Set new ARP entry \& \-d Delete a specified entry \& \-v Verbose \& \-n Don\*(Aqt resolve names \& \-i IF Network interface \& \-D Read <hwaddr> from given device \& \-A, \-p AF Protocol family \& \-H HWTYPE Hardware address type .Ve .IP "\fBarping\fR" 4 .IX Item "arping" arping [\-fqbDUA] [\-c count] [\-w timeout] [\-I dev] [\-s sender] target .Sp Send \s-1ARP\s0 requests/replies .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-f Quit on first ARP reply \& \-q Quiet \& \-b Keep broadcasting, don\*(Aqt go unicast \& \-D Duplicated address detection mode \& \-U Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors \& \-A ARP answer mode, update your neighbors \& \-c N Stop after sending N ARP requests \& \-w timeout Time to wait for ARP reply, in seconds \& \-I dev Interface to use (default eth0) \& \-s sender Sender IP address \& target Target IP address .Ve .IP "\fBawk\fR" 4 .IX Item "awk" awk [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1AWK_PROGRAM\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-v VAR=VAL Set variable \& \-F SEP Use SEP as field separator \& \-f FILE Read program from file .Ve .IP "\fBbasename\fR" 4 .IX Item "basename" basename \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1SUFFIX\s0] .Sp Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from \s-1FILE\s0 .IP "\fBbeep\fR" 4 .IX Item "beep" beep \-f freq \-l length \-d delay \-r repetitions \-n .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-f Frequency in Hz \& \-l Length in ms \& \-d Delay in ms \& \-r Repetitions \& \-n Start new tone .Ve .IP "\fBblkid\fR" 4 .IX Item "blkid" blkid .Sp Print UUIDs of all filesystems .IP "\fBbrctl\fR" 4 .IX Item "brctl" brctl \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1BRIDGE\s0 [\s-1INTERFACE\s0]] .Sp Manage ethernet bridges .Sp Commands: .Sp .Vb 10 \& show Show a list of bridges \& addbr BRIDGE Create BRIDGE \& delbr BRIDGE Delete BRIDGE \& addif BRIDGE IFACE Add IFACE to BRIDGE \& delif BRIDGE IFACE Delete IFACE from BRIDGE \& setageing BRIDGE TIME Set ageing time \& setfd BRIDGE TIME Set bridge forward delay \& sethello BRIDGE TIME Set hello time \& setmaxage BRIDGE TIME Set max message age \& setpathcost BRIDGE COST Set path cost \& setportprio BRIDGE PRIO Set port priority \& setbridgeprio BRIDGE PRIO Set bridge priority \& stp BRIDGE [1|0] STP on/off .Ve .IP "\fBbunzip2\fR" 4 .IX Item "bunzip2" bunzip2 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Uncompress \s-1FILE\s0 (or standard input if \s-1FILE\s0 is '\-' or omitted) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Write to standard output \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBbzcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "bzcat" bzcat \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp Uncompress to stdout .IP "\fBbzip2\fR" 4 .IX Item "bzip2" bzip2 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Compress \s-1FILE\s0(s) with bzip2 algorithm. When \s-1FILE\s0 is '\-' or unspecified, reads standard input. Implies \-c. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-c Write to standard output \& \-d Decompress \& \-f Force \& \-1..\-9 Compression level .Ve .IP "\fBcal\fR" 4 .IX Item "cal" cal [\-jy] [[month] year] .Sp Display a calendar .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-j Use julian dates \& \-y Display the entire year .Ve .IP "\fBcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "cat" cat [\-u] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Concatenate \s-1FILE\s0(s) and print them to stdout .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-u Use unbuffered i/o (ignored) .Ve .IP "\fBcatv\fR" 4 .IX Item "catv" catv [\-etv] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M\-x .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-e End each line with $ \& \-t Show tabs as ^I \& \-v Don\*(Aqt use ^x or M\-x escapes .Ve .IP "\fBchat\fR" 4 .IX Item "chat" chat \s-1EXPECT\s0 [\s-1SEND\s0 [\s-1EXPECT\s0 [\s-1SEND\s0...]]] .Sp Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout. A script consists of one or more \*(L"expect-send\*(R" pairs of strings, each pair is a pair of arguments. Example: chat '' \s-1ATZ\s0 \s-1OK\s0 \s-1ATD123456\s0 \s-1CONNECT\s0 '' ogin: pppuser word: ppppass '~' .IP "\fBchattr\fR" 4 .IX Item "chattr" chattr [\-R] [\-+=AacDdijsStTu] [\-v version] files... .Sp Change file attributes on an ext2 fs .Sp Modifiers: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \- Remove attributes \& + Add attributes \& = Set attributes \&Attributes: \& \& A Don\*(Aqt track atime \& a Append mode only \& c Enable compress \& D Write dir contents synchronously \& d Do not backup with dump \& i Cannot be modified (immutable) \& j Write all data to journal first \& s Zero disk storage when deleted \& S Write file contents synchronously \& t Disable tail\-merging of partial blocks with other files \& u Allow file to be undeleted \&Options: \& \& \-R Recursively list subdirectories \& \-v Set the file\*(Aqs version/generation number .Ve .IP "\fBchgrp\fR" 4 .IX Item "chgrp" chgrp [\-RhLHPcvf]... \s-1GROUP\s0 \s-1FILE\s0... .Sp Change the group membership of each \s-1FILE\s0 to \s-1GROUP\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-R Recurse \& \-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets \& \-L Traverse all symlinks to directories \& \-H Traverse symlinks on command line only \& \-P Do not traverse symlinks (default) \& \-c List changed files \& \-v Verbose \& \-f Hide errors .Ve .IP "\fBchmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "chmod" chmod [\-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... \s-1FILE\s0... .Sp Each \s-1MODE\s0 is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +\-= and one or more of the letters rwxst .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-R Recurse \& \-c List changed files \& \-v List all files \& \-f Hide errors .Ve .IP "\fBchown\fR" 4 .IX Item "chown" chown [\-RhLHPcvf]... OWNER[<.|:>[\s-1GROUP\s0]] \s-1FILE\s0... .Sp Change the owner and/or group of each \s-1FILE\s0 to \s-1OWNER\s0 and/or \s-1GROUP\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-R Recurse \& \-h Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets \& \-L Traverse all symlinks to directories \& \-H Traverse symlinks on command line only \& \-P Do not traverse symlinks (default) \& \-c List changed files \& \-v List all files \& \-f Hide errors .Ve .IP "\fBchpasswd\fR" 4 .IX Item "chpasswd" chpasswd [\-\-md5|\-\-encrypted] .Sp Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-e,\-\-encrypted Supplied passwords are in encrypted form \& \-m,\-\-md5 Use MD5 encryption instead of DES .Ve .IP "\fBchpst\fR" 4 .IX Item "chpst" chpst [\-vP012] [\-u USER[:GRP]] [\-U USER[:GRP]] [\-e \s-1DIR\s0] [\-/ \s-1DIR\s0] [\-n \s-1NICE\s0] [\-m \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-d \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-o N] [\-p N] [\-f \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-c \s-1BYTES\s0] \s-1PROG\s0 \s-1ARGS\s0 .Sp Change the process state and run \s-1PROG\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-u USER[:GRP] Set uid and gid \& \-U USER[:GRP] Set $UID and $GID in environment \& \-e DIR Set environment variables as specified by files \& in DIR: file=1st_line_of_file \& \-/ DIR Chroot to DIR \& \-n NICE Add NICE to nice value \& \-m BYTES Same as \-d BYTES \-s BYTES \-l BYTES \& \-d BYTES Limit data segment \& \-o N Limit number of open files per process \& \-p N Limit number of processes per uid \& \-f BYTES Limit output file sizes \& \-c BYTES Limit core file size \& \-v Verbose \& \-P Create new process group \& \-0 Close standard input \& \-1 Close standard output \& \-2 Close standard error .Ve .IP "\fBchroot\fR" 4 .IX Item "chroot" chroot \s-1NEWROOT\s0 [\s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 with root directory set to \s-1NEWROOT\s0 .IP "\fBchrt\fR" 4 .IX Item "chrt" chrt [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PRIO\s0] [\s-1PID\s0 | \s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Manipulate real-time attributes of a process .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-p Operate on pid \& \-r Set scheduling policy to SCHED_RR \& \-f Set scheduling policy to SCHED_FIFO \& \-o Set scheduling policy to SCHED_OTHER \& \-m Show min and max priorities .Ve .IP "\fBchvt\fR" 4 .IX Item "chvt" chvt N .Sp Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN .IP "\fBcksum\fR" 4 .IX Item "cksum" cksum \s-1FILES\s0... .Sp Calculate the \s-1CRC32\s0 checksums of \s-1FILES\s0 .IP "\fBclear\fR" 4 .IX Item "clear" clear .Sp Clear screen .IP "\fBcmp\fR" 4 .IX Item "cmp" cmp [\-l] [\-s] \s-1FILE1\s0 [\s-1FILE2\s0 [\s-1SKIP1\s0 [\s-1SKIP2\s0]]] .Sp Compares \s-1FILE1\s0 vs stdin if \s-1FILE2\s0 is not specified .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-l Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal) \& for all differing bytes \& \-s Quiet .Ve .IP "\fBcomm\fR" 4 .IX Item "comm" comm [\-123] \s-1FILE1\s0 \s-1FILE2\s0 .Sp Compare \s-1FILE1\s0 to \s-1FILE2\s0, or to stdin if \- is specified .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-1 Suppress lines unique to FILE1 \& \-2 Suppress lines unique to FILE2 \& \-3 Suppress lines common to both files .Ve .IP "\fBcp\fR" 4 .IX Item "cp" cp [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1SOURCE\s0 \s-1DEST\s0 .Sp Copy \s-1SOURCE\s0 to \s-1DEST\s0, or multiple \s-1SOURCE\s0(s) to \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-a Same as \-dpR \& \-d,\-P Preserve links \& \-H,\-L Dereference all symlinks (default) \& \-p Preserve file attributes if possible \& \-f Force overwrite \& \-i Prompt before overwrite \& \-R,\-r Recurse \& \-l,\-s Create (sym)links .Ve .IP "\fBcpio\fR" 4 .IX Item "cpio" cpio \-[tiopdmvu] [\-F \s-1FILE\s0] [\-H newc] .Sp Extract or list files from a cpio archive, or create a cpio archive Main operation mode: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-t List \& \-i Extract \& \-o Create \& \-p Passthrough \&Options: \& \& \-d Make leading directories \& \-m Preserve mtime \& \-v Verbose \& \-u Overwrite \& \-F Input file \& \-H Define format .Ve .IP "\fBcrond\fR" 4 .IX Item "crond" crond \-fbS \-l N \-d N \-L \s-1LOGFILE\s0 \-c \s-1DIR\s0 .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-f Foreground \& \-b Background (default) \& \-S Log to syslog (default) \& \-l Set log level. 0 is the most verbose, default 8 \& \-d Set log level, log to stderr \& \-L Log to file \& \-c Working dir .Ve .IP "\fBcrontab\fR" 4 .IX Item "crontab" crontab [\-c \s-1DIR\s0] [\-u \s-1USER\s0] [\-ler]|[\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-c Crontab directory \& \-u User \& \-l List crontab \& \-e Edit crontab \& \-r Delete crontab \& FILE Replace crontab by FILE (\*(Aq\-\*(Aq: stdin) .Ve .IP "\fBcryptpw\fR" 4 .IX Item "cryptpw" cryptpw [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PASSWORD\s0] [\s-1SALT\s0] .Sp Crypt the \s-1PASSWORD\s0 using \fIcrypt\fR\|(3) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-P,\-\-password\-fd=NUM Read password from fd NUM \& \-m,\-\-method=TYPE Encryption method TYPE \& \-S,\-\-salt=SALT .Ve .IP "\fBcut\fR" 4 .IX Item "cut" cut [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print selected fields from each input \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST \& \-c LIST Output only characters from LIST \& \-d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter \& \-s Output only the lines containing delimiter \& \-f N Print only these fields \& \-n Ignored .Ve .IP "\fBdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "date" date [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [+FMT] [\s-1TIME\s0] .Sp Display time (using +FMT), or set time .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& [\-s] TIME Set time to TIME \& \-u Work in UTC (don\*(Aqt convert to local time) \& \-R Output RFC\-822 compliant date string \& \-I[SPEC] Output ISO\-8601 compliant date string \& SPEC=\*(Aqdate\*(Aq (default) for date only, \& \*(Aqhours\*(Aq, \*(Aqminutes\*(Aq, or \*(Aqseconds\*(Aq for date and \& time to the indicated precision \& \-r FILE Display last modification time of FILE \& \-d TIME Display TIME, not \*(Aqnow\*(Aq \& \-D FMT Use FMT for \-d TIME conversion .Ve .Sp Recognized \s-1TIME\s0 formats: .Sp .Vb 4 \& hh:mm[:ss] \& [YYYY.]MM.DD\-hh:mm[:ss] \& YYYY\-MM\-DD hh:mm[:ss] \& [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss] .Ve .IP "\fBdc\fR" 4 .IX Item "dc" dc expression... .Sp Tiny \s-1RPN\s0 calculator. Operations: +, add, \-, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or, not, eor, p \- print top of the stack (without altering the stack), f \- print entire stack, o \- pop the value and set output radix (value must be 10 or 16). Examples: 'dc 2 2 add' \-> 4, 'dc 8 8 * 2 2 + /' \-> 16. .IP "\fBdd\fR" 4 .IX Item "dd" dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N] [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync] .Sp Copy a file with converting and formatting .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 12 \& if=FILE Read from FILE instead of stdin \& of=FILE Write to FILE instead of stdout \& bs=N Read and write N bytes at a time \& ibs=N Read N bytes at a time \& obs=N Write N bytes at a time \& count=N Copy only N input blocks \& skip=N Skip N input blocks \& seek=N Skip N output blocks \& conv=notrunc Don\*(Aqt truncate output file \& conv=noerror Continue after read errors \& conv=sync Pad blocks with zeros \& conv=fsync Physically write data out before finishing .Ve .Sp Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024), \&\s-1MD\s0 (x1000000), M (x1048576), \s-1GD\s0 (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824) .IP "\fBdeallocvt\fR" 4 .IX Item "deallocvt" deallocvt [N] .Sp Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN .IP "\fBdelgroup\fR" 4 .IX Item "delgroup" delgroup [\s-1USER\s0] \s-1GROUP\s0 .Sp Delete group \s-1GROUP\s0 from the system or user \s-1USER\s0 from group \s-1GROUP\s0 .IP "\fBdeluser\fR" 4 .IX Item "deluser" deluser \s-1USER\s0 .Sp Delete \s-1USER\s0 from the system .IP "\fBdevmem\fR" 4 .IX Item "devmem" devmem \s-1ADDRESS\s0 [\s-1WIDTH\s0 [\s-1VALUE\s0]] .Sp Read/write from physical address .Sp .Vb 3 \& ADDRESS Address to act upon \& WIDTH Width (8/16/...) \& VALUE Data to be written .Ve .IP "\fBdf\fR" 4 .IX Item "df" df [\-Pkmhai] [\-B \s-1SIZE\s0] [\s-1FILESYSTEM\s0...] .Sp Print filesystem usage statistics .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-P POSIX output format \& \-k 1024\-byte blocks (default) \& \-m 1M\-byte blocks \& \-h Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G) \& \-a Show all filesystems \& \-i Inodes \& \-B SIZE Blocksize .Ve .IP "\fBdhcprelay\fR" 4 .IX Item "dhcprelay" dhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2...] \s-1SERVER_IFACE\s0 [\s-1SERVER_IP\s0] .Sp Relay \s-1DHCP\s0 requests between clients and server .IP "\fBdiff\fR" 4 .IX Item "diff" diff [\-abdiNqrTstw] [\-L \s-1LABEL\s0] [\-S \s-1FILE\s0] [\-U \s-1LINES\s0] \s-1FILE1\s0 \s-1FILE2\s0 .Sp Compare files line by line and output the differences between them. This implementation supports unified diffs only. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-a Treat all files as text \& \-b Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace \& \-d Try hard to find a smaller set of changes \& \-i Ignore case differences \& \-L Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header \& \-N Treat absent files as empty \& \-q Output only whether files differ \& \-r Recursively compare subdirectories \& \-S Start with FILE when comparing directories \& \-T Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary \& \-s Report when two files are the same \& \-t Expand tabs to spaces in output \& \-U Output LINES lines of context \& \-w Ignore all whitespace .Ve .IP "\fBdirname\fR" 4 .IX Item "dirname" dirname \s-1FILENAME\s0 .Sp Strip non-directory suffix from \s-1FILENAME\s0 .IP "\fBdmesg\fR" 4 .IX Item "dmesg" dmesg [\-c] [\-n \s-1LEVEL\s0] [\-s \s-1SIZE\s0] .Sp Print or control the kernel ring buffer .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Clear ring buffer after printing \& \-n LEVEL Set console logging level \& \-s SIZE Buffer size .Ve .IP "\fBdnsd\fR" 4 .IX Item "dnsd" dnsd [\-c config] [\-t seconds] [\-p port] [\-i iface\-ip] [\-d] .Sp Small static \s-1DNS\s0 server daemon .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c Config filename \& \-t TTL in seconds \& \-p Listening port \& \-i Listening ip (default all) \& \-d Daemonize .Ve .IP "\fBdos2unix\fR" 4 .IX Item "dos2unix" dos2unix [\s-1OPTION\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from \s-1DOS\s0 to Unix format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-u dos2unix \& \-d unix2dos .Ve .IP "\fBdpkg\fR" 4 .IX Item "dpkg" dpkg [\-ilCPru] [\-F option] package_name .Sp Install, remove and manage Debian packages .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-i Install the package \& \-l List of installed packages \& \-C Configure an unpackaged package \& \-F depends Ignore dependency problems \& \-P Purge all files of a package \& \-r Remove all but the configuration files for a package \& \-u Unpack a package, but don\*(Aqt configure it .Ve .IP "\fBdu\fR" 4 .IX Item "du" du [\-aHLdclsxhmk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Summarize disk space used for each \s-1FILE\s0 and/or directory. Disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-a Show file sizes too \& \-H Follow symlinks on command line \& \-L Follow all symlinks \& \-d N Limit output to directories (and files with \-a) of depth < N \& \-c Show grand total \& \-l Count sizes many times if hard linked \& \-s Display only a total for each argument \& \-x Skip directories on different filesystems \& \-h Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G ) \& \-m Sizes in megabytes \& \-k Sizes in kilobytes (default) .Ve .IP "\fBdumpkmap\fR" 4 .IX Item "dumpkmap" dumpkmap > keymap .Sp Print a binary keyboard translation table to standard output .IP "\fBdumpleases\fR" 4 .IX Item "dumpleases" dumpleases [\-r|\-a] [\-f \s-1LEASEFILE\s0] .Sp Display \s-1DHCP\s0 leases granted by udhcpd .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f,\-\-file=FILE Leases file to load \& \-r,\-\-remaining Interpret lease times as time remaining \& \-a,\-\-absolute Interpret lease times as expire time .Ve .IP "\fBecho\fR" 4 .IX Item "echo" echo [\-neE] [\s-1ARG\s0...] .Sp Print the specified ARGs to stdout .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-n Suppress trailing newline \& \-e Interpret backslash\-escaped characters (i.e., \et=tab) \& \-E Disable interpretation of backslash\-escaped characters .Ve .IP "\fBed\fR" 4 .IX Item "ed" ed .IP "\fBeject\fR" 4 .IX Item "eject" eject [\-t] [\-T] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Eject specified \s-1DEVICE\s0 (or default /dev/cdrom) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-s SCSI device \& \-t Close tray \& \-T Open/close tray (toggle) .Ve .IP "\fBenv\fR" 4 .IX Item "env" env [\-iu] [\-] [name=value]... [\s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Print the current environment or run \s-1PROG\s0 after setting up the specified environment .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-, \-i Start with an empty environment \& \-u Remove variable from the environment .Ve .IP "\fBenvdir\fR" 4 .IX Item "envdir" envdir dir prog args .Sp Set various environment variables as specified by files in the directory dir and run \s-1PROG\s0 .IP "\fBenvuidgid\fR" 4 .IX Item "envuidgid" envuidgid account prog args .Sp Set \f(CW$UID\fR to account's uid and \f(CW$GID\fR to account's gid and run \s-1PROG\s0 .IP "\fBexpand\fR" 4 .IX Item "expand" expand [\-i] [\-t \s-1NUM\s0] [FILE|\-] .Sp Convert tabs to spaces, writing to standard output .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-i,\-\-initial Do not convert tabs after non blanks \& \-t,\-\-tabs=N Tabstops every N chars .Ve .IP "\fBexpr\fR" 4 .IX Item "expr" expr \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 .Sp Print the value of \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 to standard output .Sp \&\s-1EXPRESSION\s0 may be: .Sp .Vb 10 \& ARG1 | ARG2 ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2 \& ARG1 & ARG2 ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0 \& ARG1 < ARG2 1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly: \& ARG1 <= ARG2 \& ARG1 = ARG2 \& ARG1 != ARG2 \& ARG1 >= ARG2 \& ARG1 > ARG2 \& ARG1 + ARG2 Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly: \& ARG1 \- ARG2 \& ARG1 * ARG2 \& ARG1 / ARG2 \& ARG1 % ARG2 \& STRING : REGEXP Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING \& match STRING REGEXP Same as STRING : REGEXP \& substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1 \& index STRING CHARS Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0 \& length STRING Length of STRING \& quote TOKEN Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if \& it is a keyword like \*(Aqmatch\*(Aq or an \& operator like \*(Aq/\*(Aq \& (EXPRESSION) Value of EXPRESSION .Ve .Sp Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells. Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between \&\e( and \e) or null; if \e( and \e) are not used, they return the number of characters matched or 0. .IP "\fBfakeidentd\fR" 4 .IX Item "fakeidentd" fakeidentd [\-fiw] [\-b \s-1ADDR\s0] [\s-1STRING\s0] .Sp Provide fake ident (auth) service .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-f Run in foreground \& \-i Inetd mode \& \-w Inetd \*(Aqwait\*(Aq mode \& \-b ADDR Bind to specified address \& STRING Ident answer string (default: nobody) .Ve .IP "\fBfalse\fR" 4 .IX Item "false" false .Sp Return an exit code of \s-1FALSE\s0 (1) .IP "\fBfbset\fR" 4 .IX Item "fbset" fbset [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1MODE\s0] .Sp Show and modify frame buffer settings .IP "\fBfbsplash\fR" 4 .IX Item "fbsplash" fbsplash \-s \s-1IMGFILE\s0 [\-c] [\-d \s-1DEV\s0] [\-i \s-1INIFILE\s0] [\-f \s-1CMD\s0] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-s Image \& \-c Hide cursor \& \-d Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0) \& \-i Config file (var=value): \& BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT \& BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B \& \-f Control pipe (else exit after drawing image) \& commands: \*(AqNN\*(Aq (% for progress bar) or \*(Aqexit\*(Aq .Ve .IP "\fBfdflush\fR" 4 .IX Item "fdflush" fdflush \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change .IP "\fBfdformat\fR" 4 .IX Item "fdformat" fdformat [\-n] \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Format floppy disk .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-n Don\*(Aqt verify after format .Ve .IP "\fBfdisk\fR" 4 .IX Item "fdisk" fdisk [\-ul] [\-C \s-1CYLINDERS\s0] [\-H \s-1HEADS\s0] [\-S \s-1SECTORS\s0] [\-b \s-1SSZ\s0] \s-1DISK\s0 .Sp Change partition table .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-u Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders) \& \-l Show partition table for each DISK, then exit \& \-b 2048 (for certain MO disks) use 2048\-byte sectors \& \-C CYLINDERS Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors \& \-H HEADS \& \& \-S SECTORS .Ve .IP "\fBfind\fR" 4 .IX Item "find" find [\s-1PATH\s0...] [\s-1EXPRESSION\s0] .Sp Search for files. The default \s-1PATH\s0 is the current directory, default \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 is '\-print' .Sp \&\s-1EXPRESSION\s0 may consist of: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-follow Dereference symlinks \& \-xdev Don\*(Aqt descend directories on other filesystems \& \-maxdepth N Descend at most N levels. \-maxdepth 0 applies \& tests/actions to command line arguments only \& \-mindepth N Do not act on first N levels \& \-name PATTERN File name (w/o directory name) matches PATTERN \& \-iname PATTERN Case insensitive \-name \& \-path PATTERN Path matches PATTERN \& \-regex PATTERN Path matches regex PATTERN \& \-type X File type is X (X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...) \& \-perm NNN Permissions match any of (+NNN), all of (\-NNN), \& or exactly (NNN) \& \-mtime DAYS Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (\-N), \& or exactly (N) days \& \-mmin MINS Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (\-N), \& or exactly (N) minutes \& \-newer FILE Modified time is more recent than FILE\*(Aqs \& \-inum N File has inode number N \& \-user NAME File is owned by user NAME (numeric user ID allowed) \& \-group NAME File belongs to group NAME (numeric group ID allowed) \& \-depth Process directory name after traversing it \& \-size N[bck] File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.)). \& +/\-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N \& \-print Print (default and assumed) \& \-print0 Delimit output with null characters rather than \& newlines \& \-exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by the \& matching files \& \-prune Stop traversing current subtree \& \-delete Delete files, turns on \-depth option \& (EXPR) Group an expression .Ve .IP "\fBfindfs\fR" 4 .IX Item "findfs" findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid .Sp Find a filesystem device based on a label or \s-1UUID\s0 .IP "\fBflash_lock\fR" 4 .IX Item "flash_lock" flash_lock \s-1MTD_DEVICE\s0 \s-1OFFSET\s0 \s-1SECTORS\s0 .Sp Lock part or all of an \s-1MTD\s0 device. If \s-1SECTORS\s0 is \-1, then all sectors will be locked, regardless of the value of \s-1OFFSET\s0 .IP "\fBflash_unlock\fR" 4 .IX Item "flash_unlock" flash_unlock \s-1MTD_DEVICE\s0 .Sp Unlock an \s-1MTD\s0 device .IP "\fBfold\fR" 4 .IX Item "fold" fold [\-bs] [\-w \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Wrap input lines in each \s-1FILE\s0 (standard input by default), writing to standard output .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-b Count bytes rather than columns \& \-s Break at spaces \& \-w Use WIDTH columns instead of 80 .Ve .IP "\fBfree\fR" 4 .IX Item "free" free .Sp Display the amount of free and used system memory .IP "\fBfreeramdisk\fR" 4 .IX Item "freeramdisk" freeramdisk \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk .IP "\fBfsck\fR" 4 .IX Item "fsck" fsck [\-ANPRTV] [\-C fd] [\-t fstype] [fs\-options] [filesys...] .Sp Check and repair filesystems .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-A Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems \& \-N Don\*(Aqt execute, just show what would be done \& \-P With \-A, check filesystems in parallel \& \-R With \-A, skip the root filesystem \& \-T Don\*(Aqt show title on startup \& \-V Verbose \& \-C n Write status information to specified filedescriptor \& \-t type List of filesystem types to check .Ve .IP "\fBfsck.minix\fR" 4 .IX Item "fsck.minix" fsck.minix [\-larvsmf] /dev/name .Sp Check \s-1MINIX\s0 filesystem .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-l List all filenames \& \-r Perform interactive repairs \& \-a Perform automatic repairs \& \-v Verbose \& \-s Output superblock information \& \-m Show "mode not cleared" warnings \& \-f Force file system check .Ve .IP "\fBfsync\fR" 4 .IX Item "fsync" fsync [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1FILE\s0...Write files' buffered blocks to disk .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-d Avoid syncing metadata .Ve .IP "\fBftpd\fR" 4 .IX Item "ftpd" ftpd [\-wvS] [\-t N] [\-T N] [\s-1DIR\s0] .Sp Anonymous \s-1FTP\s0 server .Sp ftpd should be used as an inetd service. ftpd's line for inetd.conf: 21 stream tcp nowait root ftpd ftpd /files/to/serve It also can be ran from tcpsvd: .Sp .Vb 1 \& tcpsvd \-vE 0.0.0.0 21 ftpd /files/to/serve .Ve .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-w Allow upload \& \-v Log to stderr \& \-S Log to syslog \& \-t,\-T Idle and absolute timeouts \& DIR Change root to this directory .Ve .IP "\fBftpget\fR" 4 .IX Item "ftpget" ftpget [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 \s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0 \s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0 .Sp Retrieve a remote file via \s-1FTP\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c,\-\-continue Continue previous transfer \& \-v,\-\-verbose Verbose \& \-u,\-\-username Username \& \-p,\-\-password Password \& \-P,\-\-port Port number .Ve .IP "\fBftpput\fR" 4 .IX Item "ftpput" ftpput [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 \s-1REMOTE_FILE\s0 \s-1LOCAL_FILE\s0 .Sp Store a local file on a remote machine via \s-1FTP\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-v,\-\-verbose Verbose \& \-u,\-\-username Username \& \-p,\-\-password Password \& \-P,\-\-port Port number .Ve .IP "\fBfuser\fR" 4 .IX Item "fuser" fuser [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1FILE\s0 or \s-1PORT/PROTO\s0 .Sp Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-m Find processes which use same fs as FILEs \& \-4 Search only IPv4 space \& \-6 Search only IPv6 space \& \-s Silent: just exit with 0 if any processes are found \& \-k Kill found processes (otherwise display PIDs) \& \-SIGNAL Signal to send (default: TERM) .Ve .IP "\fBgetopt\fR" 4 .IX Item "getopt" getopt [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 9 \& \-a,\-\-alternative Allow long options starting with single \- \& \-l,\-\-longoptions=longopts Long options to be recognized \& \-n,\-\-name=progname The name under which errors are reported \& \-o,\-\-options=optstring Short options to be recognized \& \-q,\-\-quiet Disable error reporting by getopt(3) \& \-Q,\-\-quiet\-output No normal output \& \-s,\-\-shell=shell Set shell quoting conventions \& \-T,\-\-test Test for getopt(1) version \& \-u,\-\-unquoted Don\*(Aqt quote the output .Ve .IP "\fBgetty\fR" 4 .IX Item "getty" getty [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1BAUD_RATE\s0 \s-1TTY\s0 [\s-1TERMTYPE\s0] .Sp Open a tty, prompt for a login name, then invoke /bin/login .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-h Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control \& \-i Do not display /etc/issue before running login \& \-L Local line, do not do carrier detect \& \-m Get baud rate from modem\*(Aqs CONNECT status message \& \-w Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue \& \-n Do not prompt the user for a login name \& \-f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue \& \-l LOGIN Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login \& \-t SEC Terminate after SEC if no username is read \& \-I INITSTR Send INITSTR before anything else \& \-H HOST Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname .Ve .IP "\fBgrep\fR" 4 .IX Item "grep" grep [\-HhrilLnqvsoweFEABCz] \s-1PATTERN\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Search for \s-1PATTERN\s0 in each \s-1FILE\s0 or standard input .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-H Prefix output lines with filename where match was found \& \-h Suppress the prefixing filename on output \& \-r Recurse \& \-i Ignore case distinctions \& \-l List names of files that match \& \-L List names of files that do not match \& \-n Print line number with output lines \& \-q Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise \& \-v Select non\-matching lines \& \-s Suppress file open/read error messages \& \-c Only print count of matching lines \& \-o Show only the part of a line that matches PATTERN \& \-m MAX Match up to MAX times per file \& \-w Match whole words only \& \-F PATTERN is a set of newline\-separated strings \& \-E PATTERN is an extended regular expression \& \-e PTRN Pattern to match \& \-f FILE Read pattern from file \& \-A Print NUM lines of trailing context \& \-B Print NUM lines of leading context \& \-C Print NUM lines of output context \& \-z Input is NUL terminated .Ve .IP "\fBgunzip\fR" 4 .IX Item "gunzip" gunzip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Uncompress FILEs (or standard input) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Write to standard output \& \-f Force \& \-t Test file integrity .Ve .IP "\fBgzip\fR" 4 .IX Item "gzip" gzip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Compress FILEs (or standard input) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Write to standard output \& \-d Decompress \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBhd\fR" 4 .IX Item "hd" hd \s-1FILE\s0... .Sp hd is an alias for hexdump \-C .IP "\fBhdparm\fR" 4 .IX Item "hdparm" hdparm [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-a Get/set fs readahead \& \-A Set drive read\-lookahead flag (0/1) \& \-b Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate) \& \-B Set Advanced Power Management setting (1\-255) \& \-c Get/set IDE 32\-bit IO setting \& \-C Check IDE power mode status \& \-d Get/set using_dma flag \& \-D Enable/disable drive defect\-mgmt \& \-f Flush buffer cache for device on exit \& \-g Display drive geometry \& \-h Display terse usage information \& \-i Display drive identification \& \-I Detailed/current information directly from drive \& \-k Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1) \& \-K Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1) \& \-L Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only) \& \-m Get/set multiple sector count \& \-n Get/set ignore\-write\-errors flag (0/1) \& \-p Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...) \& \-P Set drive prefetch count \& \-Q Get/set DMA tagged\-queuing depth (if supported) \& \-r Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set) \& \-R Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS) \& \-S Set standby (spindown) timeout \& \-t Perform device read timings \& \-T Perform cache read timings \& \-u Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1) \& \-U Un\-register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS) \& \-v Defaults; same as \-mcudkrag for IDE drives \& \-V Display program version and exit immediately \& \-w Perform device reset (DANGEROUS) \& \-W Set drive write\-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS) \& \-x Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS) \& \-X Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS) \& \-y Put IDE drive in standby mode \& \-Y Put IDE drive to sleep \& \-Z Disable Seagate auto\-powersaving mode \& \-z Re\-read partition table .Ve .IP "\fBhead\fR" 4 .IX Item "head" head [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print first 10 lines of each \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output. With more than one \s-1FILE\s0, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no \s-1FILE\s0, or when \s-1FILE\s0 is \-, read standard input. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-n NUM Print first NUM lines instead of first 10 \& \-c NUM Output the first NUM bytes \& \-q Never output headers giving file names \& \-v Always output headers giving file names .Ve .IP "\fBhexdump\fR" 4 .IX Item "hexdump" hexdump [\-bcCdefnosvxR] \s-1FILE\s0... .Sp Display file(s) or standard input in a user specified format .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 12 \& \-b One\-byte octal display \& \-c One\-byte character display \& \-C Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line \& \-d Two\-byte decimal display \& \-e FORMAT STRING \& \-f FORMAT FILE \& \-n LENGTH Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input \& \-o Two\-byte octal display \& \-s OFFSET Skip OFFSET bytes \& \-v Display all input data \& \-x Two\-byte hexadecimal display \& \-R Reverse of \*(Aqhexdump \-Cv\*(Aq .Ve .IP "\fBhostid\fR" 4 .IX Item "hostid" hostid .Sp Print out a unique 32\-bit identifier for the machine .IP "\fBhostname\fR" 4 .IX Item "hostname" hostname [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1HOSTNAME\s0 | \-F \s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Get or set hostname or \s-1DNS\s0 domain name .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-s Short \& \-i Addresses for the hostname \& \-d DNS domain name \& \-f Fully qualified domain name \& \-F FILE Use FILE\*(Aqs content as hostname .Ve .IP "\fBhttpd\fR" 4 .IX Item "httpd" httpd [\-ifv[v]] [\-c \s-1CONFFILE\s0] [\-p [\s-1IP:\s0]PORT] [\-u USER[:GRP]] [\-r \s-1REALM\s0] [\-h \s-1HOME\s0] or httpd \-d/\-e/\-m \s-1STRING\s0 .Sp Listen for incoming \s-1HTTP\s0 requests .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-i Inetd mode \& \-f Do not daemonize \& \-v[v] Verbose \& \-c FILE Configuration file (default httpd.conf) \& \-p [IP:]PORT Bind to ip:port (default *:80) \& \-u USER[:GRP] Set uid/gid after binding to port \& \-r REALM Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication \& \-h HOME Home directory (default .) \& \-m STRING MD5 crypt STRING \& \-e STRING HTML encode STRING \& \-d STRING URL decode STRING .Ve .IP "\fBhwclock\fR" 4 .IX Item "hwclock" hwclock [\-r|\-\-show] [\-s|\-\-hctosys] [\-w|\-\-systohc] [\-l|\-\-localtime] [\-u|\-\-utc] [\-f \s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Query and set hardware clock (\s-1RTC\s0) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-r Show hardware clock time \& \-s Set system time from hardware clock \& \-w Set hardware clock to system time \& \-u Hardware clock is in UTC \& \-l Hardware clock is in local time \& \-f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2) .Ve .IP "\fBid\fR" 4 .IX Item "id" id [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1USER\s0] .Sp Print information about \s-1USER\s0 or the current user .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-u Print user ID \& \-g Print group ID \& \-G Print supplementary group IDs \& \-n Print name instead of a number \& \-r Print real user ID instead of effective ID .Ve .IP "\fBifconfig\fR" 4 .IX Item "ifconfig" ifconfig [\-a] interface [address] .Sp Configure a network interface .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] \& [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]] \& [[\-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[\-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]] \& [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS] \& [outfill NN] [keepalive NN] \& [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN] \& [[\-]trailers] [[\-]arp] [[\-]allmulti] \& [multicast] [[\-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[\-]dynamic] \& [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN] \& [up|down] ... .Ve .IP "\fBifdown\fR" 4 .IX Item "ifdown" ifdown [\-ainmvf] ifaces... .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-a De/configure all interfaces automatically \& \-i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions \& \-n Print out what would happen, but don\*(Aqt do it \& (note: doesn\*(Aqt disable mappings) \& \-m Don\*(Aqt run any mappings \& \-v Print out what would happen before doing it \& \-f Force de/configuration .Ve .IP "\fBifenslave\fR" 4 .IX Item "ifenslave" ifenslave [\-cdf] master-iface <slave\-iface...> .Sp Configure network interfaces for parallel routing .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c, \-\-change\-active Change active slave \& \-d, \-\-detach Remove slave interface from bonding device \& \-f, \-\-force Force, even if interface is not Ethernet .Ve .IP "\fBifplugd\fR" 4 .IX Item "ifplugd" ifplugd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Network interface plug detection daemon .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-n Do not daemonize \& \-s Do not log to syslog \& \-i IFACE Interface \& \-f/\-F Treat link detection error as link down/link up \& (otherwise exit on error) \& \-a Do not up interface automatically \& \-M Monitor creation/destruction of interface \& (otherwise it must exist) \& \-r PROG Script to run \& \-x ARG Extra argument for script \& \-I Don\*(Aqt exit on nonzero exit code from script \& \-p Don\*(Aqt run script on daemon startup \& \-q Don\*(Aqt run script on daemon quit \& \-l Run script on startup even if no cable is detected \& \-t SECS Poll time in seconds \& \-u SECS Delay before running script after link up \& \-d SECS Delay after link down \& \-m MODE API mode (mii, priv, ethtool, wlan, auto) \& \-k Kill running daemon .Ve .IP "\fBifup\fR" 4 .IX Item "ifup" ifup [\-ainmvf] ifaces... .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-a De/configure all interfaces automatically \& \-i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions \& \-n Print out what would happen, but don\*(Aqt do it \& (note: doesn\*(Aqt disable mappings) \& \-m Don\*(Aqt run any mappings \& \-v Print out what would happen before doing it \& \-f Force de/configuration .Ve .IP "\fBinetd\fR" 4 .IX Item "inetd" inetd [\-fe] [\-q N] [\-R N] [\s-1CONFFILE\s0] .Sp Listen for network connections and launch programs .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-f Run in foreground \& \-e Log to stderr \& \-q N Socket listen queue (default: 128) \& \-R N Pause services after N connects/min \& (default: 0 \- disabled) .Ve .IP "\fBinit\fR" 4 .IX Item "init" init .Sp Init is the parent of all processes .IP "\fBinotifyd\fR" 4 .IX Item "inotifyd" inotifyd \s-1PROG\s0 FILE1[:MASK] ... .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 on filesystem changes. When a filesystem event matching \s-1MASK\s0 occurs on FILEn, \&\s-1PROG\s0 <actual_event(s)> <FILEn> [<subfile_name>] is run. Events: .Sp .Vb 12 \& a File is accessed \& c File is modified \& e Metadata changed \& w Writable file is closed \& 0 Unwritable file is closed \& r File is opened \& D File is deleted \& M File is moved \& u Backing fs is unmounted \& o Event queue overflowed \& x File can\*(Aqt be watched anymore \&If watching a directory: \& \& m Subfile is moved into dir \& y Subfile is moved out of dir \& n Subfile is created \& d Subfile is deleted .Ve .Sp inotifyd waits for \s-1PROG\s0 to exit. When x event happens for all FILEs, inotifyd exits .IP "\fBinsmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "insmod" insmod [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1MODULE\s0 [symbol=value]... .Sp Load the specified kernel modules into the kernel .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-f Force module to load into the wrong kernel version \& \-k Make module autoclean\-able \& \-v Verbose \& \-q Quiet \& \-L Lock to prevent simultaneous loads of a module \& \-m Output load map to stdout \& \-o NAME Set internal module name to NAME \& \-x Do not export externs .Ve .IP "\fBinstall\fR" 4 .IX Item "install" install [\-cdDsp] [\-o \s-1USER\s0] [\-g \s-1GRP\s0] [\-m \s-1MODE\s0] [source] dest|directory .Sp Copy files and set attributes .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-c Just copy (default) \& \-d Create directories \& \-D Create leading target directories \& \-s Strip symbol table \& \-p Preserve date \& \-o USER Set ownership \& \-g GRP Set group ownership \& \-m MODE Set permissions .Ve .IP "\fBionice\fR" 4 .IX Item "ionice" ionice [\-c 1\-3] [\-n 0\-7] [\-p \s-1PID\s0] [\s-1PROG\s0] .Sp Change I/O scheduling class and priority .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Class. 1:realtime 2:best\-effort 3:idle \& \-n Priority .Ve .IP "\fBip\fR" 4 .IX Item "ip" ip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {\s-1COMMAND\s0} .Sp ip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1OBJECT\s0 {\s-1COMMAND\s0} where \s-1OBJECT\s0 := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} \&\s-1OPTIONS\s0 := { \-f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | \-o[neline] } .IP "\fBipaddr\fR" 4 .IX Item "ipaddr" ipaddr { {add|del} \s-1IFADDR\s0 dev \s-1STRING\s0 | {show|flush} [dev \s-1STRING\s0] [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] } .Sp ipaddr {add|delete} \s-1IFADDR\s0 dev \s-1STRING\s0 ipaddr {show|flush} [dev \s-1STRING\s0] [scope \s-1SCOPE\-ID\s0] [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] [label \s-1PATTERN\s0] \s-1IFADDR\s0 := \s-1PREFIX\s0 | \s-1ADDR\s0 peer \s-1PREFIX\s0 [broadcast \s-1ADDR\s0] [anycast \s-1ADDR\s0] [label \s-1STRING\s0] [scope \s-1SCOPE\-ID\s0] SCOPE-ID := [host | link | global | \s-1NUMBER\s0] .IP "\fBipcalc\fR" 4 .IX Item "ipcalc" ipcalc [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [\s-1NETMASK\s0] .Sp Calculate \s-1IP\s0 network settings from a \s-1IP\s0 address .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-b,\-\-broadcast Display calculated broadcast address \& \-n,\-\-network Display calculated network address \& \-m,\-\-netmask Display default netmask for IP \& \-p,\-\-prefix Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK \& \-h,\-\-hostname Display first resolved host name \& \-s,\-\-silent Don\*(Aqt ever display error messages .Ve .IP "\fBipcrm\fR" 4 .IX Item "ipcrm" ipcrm [\-MQS key] [\-mqs id] .Sp Upper-case options \s-1MQS\s0 remove an object by shmkey value. Lower-case options remove an object by shmid value. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-mM Remove memory segment after last detach \& \-qQ Remove message queue \& \-sS Remove semaphore .Ve .IP "\fBipcs\fR" 4 .IX Item "ipcs" ipcs [[\-smq] \-i shmid] | [[\-asmq] [\-tcplu]] .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-i Show specific resource \&Resource specification: \& \& \-m Shared memory segments \& \-q Message queues \& \-s Semaphore arrays \& \-a All (default) \&Output format: \& \& \-t Time \& \-c Creator \& \-p Pid \& \-l Limits \& \-u Summary .Ve .IP "\fBiplink\fR" 4 .IX Item "iplink" iplink { set \s-1DEVICE\s0 { up | down | arp { on | off } | show [\s-1DEVICE\s0] } .Sp iplink set \s-1DEVICE\s0 { up | down | arp | multicast { on | off } | dynamic { on | off } | mtu \s-1MTU\s0 } iplink show [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .IP "\fBiproute\fR" 4 .IX Item "iproute" iproute { list | flush | { add | del | change | append | replace | monitor } \s-1ROUTE\s0 } .Sp iproute { list | flush } \s-1SELECTOR\s0 iproute get \s-1ADDRESS\s0 [from \s-1ADDRESS\s0 iif \s-1STRING\s0] [oif \s-1STRING\s0] [tos \s-1TOS\s0] iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | monitor } \s-1ROUTE\s0 \s-1SELECTOR\s0 := [root \s-1PREFIX\s0] [match \s-1PREFIX\s0] [proto \s-1RTPROTO\s0] \s-1ROUTE\s0 := [\s-1TYPE\s0] \s-1PREFIX\s0 [tos \s-1TOS\s0] [proto \s-1RTPROTO\s0] [metric \s-1METRIC\s0] .IP "\fBiprule\fR" 4 .IX Item "iprule" iprule {[list | add | del] \s-1RULE\s0} .Sp iprule [list | add | del] \s-1SELECTOR\s0 \s-1ACTION\s0 \s-1SELECTOR\s0 := [from \s-1PREFIX\s0] [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] [tos \s-1TOS\s0] [fwmark \s-1FWMARK\s0] [dev \s-1STRING\s0] [pref \s-1NUMBER\s0] \s-1ACTION\s0 := [table \s-1TABLE_ID\s0] [nat \s-1ADDRESS\s0] [prohibit | reject | unreachable] [realms [\s-1SRCREALM/\s0]DSTREALM] \s-1TABLE_ID\s0 := [local | main | default | \s-1NUMBER\s0] .IP "\fBiptunnel\fR" 4 .IX Item "iptunnel" iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [\s-1NAME\s0] [mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote \s-1ADDR\s0] [local \s-1ADDR\s0] [ttl \s-1TTL\s0] .Sp iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [\s-1NAME\s0] [mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote \s-1ADDR\s0] [local \s-1ADDR\s0] [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key \s-1KEY\s0] [[i|o]csum] [ttl \s-1TTL\s0] [tos \s-1TOS\s0] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev \s-1PHYS_DEV\s0] .IP "\fBkbd_mode\fR" 4 .IX Item "kbd_mode" kbd_mode [\-a|k|s|u] [\-C \s-1TTY\s0] .Sp Report or set the keyboard mode .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-a Default (ASCII) \& \-k Medium\-raw (keyboard) \& \-s Raw (scancode) \& \-u Unicode (utf\-8) \& \-C TTY Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty .Ve .IP "\fBkill\fR" 4 .IX Item "kill" kill [\-l] [\-SIG] \s-1PID\s0... .Sp Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given PIDs .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-l List all signal names and numbers .Ve .IP "\fBkillall\fR" 4 .IX Item "killall" killall [\-l] [\-q] [\-SIG] process-name... .Sp Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to given processes .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-l List all signal names and numbers \& \-q Do not complain if no processes were killed .Ve .IP "\fBkillall5\fR" 4 .IX Item "killall5" killall5 [\-l] [\-SIG] [\-o \s-1PID\s0]... .Sp Send a signal (default: \s-1TERM\s0) to all processes outside current session .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-l List all signal names and numbers \& \-o PID Do not signal this PID .Ve .IP "\fBklogd\fR" 4 .IX Item "klogd" klogd [\-c N] [\-n] .Sp Kernel logger .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c N Only messages with level < N are printed to console \& \-n Run in foreground .Ve .IP "\fBlast\fR" 4 .IX Item "last" last [\-HW] [\-f file] .Sp Show listing of the last users that logged into the system .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-W Display with no host column truncation \& \-f file Read from file instead of /var/log/wtmp .Ve .IP "\fBlength\fR" 4 .IX Item "length" length \s-1STRING\s0 .Sp Print \s-1STRING\s0's length .IP "\fBless\fR" 4 .IX Item "less" less [\-EMNmh~I?] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp View a file or list of files. The position within files can be changed, and files can be manipulated in various ways. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-E Quit once the end of a file is reached \& \-M,\-m Display status line with line numbers \& and percentage through the file \& \-N Prefix line number to each line \& \-I Ignore case in all searches \& \-~ Suppress ~s displayed past the end of the file .Ve .IP "\fBln\fR" 4 .IX Item "ln" ln [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1TARGET\s0... LINK|DIRECTORY .Sp Create a link \s-1LINK\s0 or \s-1DIRECTORY/TARGET\s0 to the specified \s-1TARGET\s0(s) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-s Make symlinks instead of hardlinks \& \-f Remove existing destination files \& \-n Don\*(Aqt dereference symlinks \- treat like normal file \& \-b Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation \& \-S suf Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files .Ve .IP "\fBloadfont\fR" 4 .IX Item "loadfont" loadfont < font .Sp Load a console font from standard input .IP "\fBloadkmap\fR" 4 .IX Item "loadkmap" loadkmap < keymap .Sp Load a binary keyboard translation table from standard input .IP "\fBlogger\fR" 4 .IX Item "logger" logger [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1MESSAGE\s0] .Sp Write \s-1MESSAGE\s0 to the system log. If \s-1MESSAGE\s0 is omitted, log stdin. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-s Log to stderr as well as the system log \& \-t TAG Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name) \& \-p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair) .Ve .IP "\fBlogin\fR" 4 .IX Item "login" login [\-p] [\-h \s-1HOST\s0] [[\-f] \s-1USER\s0] .Sp Begin a new session on the system .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f Do not authenticate (user already authenticated) \& \-h Name of the remote host \& \-p Preserve environment .Ve .IP "\fBlogname\fR" 4 .IX Item "logname" logname .Sp Print the name of the current user .IP "\fBlogread\fR" 4 .IX Item "logread" logread [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-f Output data as log grows .Ve .IP "\fBlosetup\fR" 4 .IX Item "losetup" losetup [\-o \s-1OFS\s0] \s-1LOOPDEV\s0 \s-1FILE\s0 \- associate loop devices losetup \-d \s-1LOOPDEV\s0 \- disassociate losetup [\-f] \- show .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-o OFS Start OFS bytes into FILE \& \-f Show first free loop device .Ve .IP "\fBlpd\fR" 4 .IX Item "lpd" lpd \s-1SPOOLDIR\s0 [\s-1HELPER\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp \&\s-1SPOOLDIR\s0 must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories with names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are sent directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue directory and \s-1HELPER\s0 program is called. Name of file to print is passed in \f(CW$DATAFILE\fR variable. Example: .Sp .Vb 1 \& tcpsvd \-E 0 515 softlimit \-m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./print .Ve .IP "\fBlpq\fR" 4 .IX Item "lpq" lpq [\-P queue[@host[:port]]] [\-U \s-1USERNAME\s0] [\-d \s-1JOBID\s0...] [\-fs] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER) \& \-d Delete jobs \& \-f Force any waiting job to be printed \& \-s Short display .Ve .IP "\fBlpr\fR" 4 .IX Item "lpr" lpr \-P queue[@host[:port]] \-U \s-1USERNAME\s0 \-J \s-1TITLE\s0 \-Vmh [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-P lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER) \& \-m Send mail on completion \& \-h Print banner page too \& \-V Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBls\fR" 4 .IX Item "ls" ls [\-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhk] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp List directory contents .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-1 List in a single column \& \-A Don\*(Aqt list . and .. \& \-a Don\*(Aqt hide entries starting with . \& \-C List by columns \& \-c With \-l: sort by ctime \& \-\-color[={always,never,auto}] Control coloring \& \-d List directory entries instead of contents \& \-e List full date and time \& \-F Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries \& \-i List inode numbers \& \-l Long listing format \& \-n List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names \& \-p Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries \& \-L List entries pointed to by symlinks \& \-R List subdirectories recursively \& \-r Sort in reverse order \& \-S Sort by file size \& \-s List the size of each file, in blocks \& \-T NUM Assume tabstop every NUM columns \& \-t With \-l: sort by modification time \& \-u With \-l: sort by access time \& \-v Sort by version \& \-w NUM Assume the terminal is NUM columns wide \& \-x List by lines \& \-X Sort by extension \& \-h List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G) .Ve .IP "\fBlsattr\fR" 4 .IX Item "lsattr" lsattr [\-Radlv] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp List file attributes on an ext2 fs .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-R Recursively list subdirectories \& \-a Do not hide entries starting with . \& \-d List directory entries instead of contents \& \-l List long flag names \& \-v List the file\*(Aqs version/generation number .Ve .IP "\fBlsmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "lsmod" lsmod .Sp List the currently loaded kernel modules .IP "\fBlzmacat\fR" 4 .IX Item "lzmacat" lzmacat \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp Uncompress to stdout .IP "\fBlzop\fR" 4 .IX Item "lzop" lzop [\-cfvd123456789CF] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-c Write to standard output \& \-f Force \& \-v Verbose \& \-d Decompress \& \-F Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum \& \-C Also write checksum of compressed block \& \-1..9 Compression level .Ve .IP "\fBlzopcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "lzopcat" lzopcat [\-vCF] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-v Verbose \& \-F Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum .Ve .IP "\fBmakemime\fR" 4 .IX Item "makemime" makemime [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Create multipart MIME-encoded message from FILEs .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-o FILE Output. Default: stdout \& \-a HDR Add header. Examples: \& "From: user@host.org", "Date: \`date \-R\`" \& \-c CT Content type. Default: text/plain \& \-C CS Charset. Default: us\-ascii .Ve .Sp Other options are silently ignored .IP "\fBman\fR" 4 .IX Item "man" man [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1MANPAGE\s0]... .Sp Format and display manual page .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-a Display all pages \& \-w Show page locations .Ve .IP "\fBmd5sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "md5sum" md5sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... or: md5sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \-c [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Print or check \s-1MD5\s0 checksums .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against given list \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBmdev\fR" 4 .IX Item "mdev" mdev [\-s] .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-s Scan /sys and populate /dev during system boot .Ve .Sp It can be run by kernel as a hotplug helper. To activate it: echo /bin/mdev >/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines [\-]DEVNAME \s-1UID:GID\s0 \s-1PERM\s0 [>|=PATH] [@|$|*PROG] .IP "\fBmesg\fR" 4 .IX Item "mesg" mesg [y|n] .Sp Control write access to your terminal y Allow write access to your terminal n Disallow write access to your terminal .IP "\fBmicrocom\fR" 4 .IX Item "microcom" microcom [\-d \s-1DELAY\s0] [\-t \s-1TIMEOUT\s0] [\-s \s-1SPEED\s0] [\-X] \s-1TTY\s0 .Sp Copy bytes for stdin to \s-1TTY\s0 and from \s-1TTY\s0 to stdout .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-d Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every \& next byte to it \& \-t Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms \& \-s Set serial line to SPEED \& \-X Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl\-X from stdin .Ve .IP "\fBmkdir\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkdir" mkdir [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0... .Sp Create \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-m Mode \& \-p No error if exists; make parent directories as needed .Ve .IP "\fBmkdosfs\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkdosfs" mkdosfs [\-v] [\-n \s-1LABEL\s0] \s-1FILE_OR_DEVICE\s0 [\s-1SIZE_IN_KB\s0] .Sp Make a \s-1FAT32\s0 filesystem .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-v Verbose \& \-n LBL Volume label .Ve .IP "\fBmkfifo\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkfifo" mkfifo [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] name .Sp Create named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p') .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-m MODE Mode (default a=rw) .Ve .IP "\fBmkfs.minix\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkfs.minix" mkfs.minix [\-c | \-l filename] [\-nXX] [\-iXX] /dev/name [blocks] .Sp Make a \s-1MINIX\s0 filesystem .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c Check device for bad blocks \& \-n [14|30] Maximum length of filenames \& \-i INODES Number of inodes for the filesystem \& \-l FILENAME Read bad blocks list from FILENAME \& \-v Make version 2 filesystem .Ve .IP "\fBmkfs.vfat\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkfs.vfat" mkfs.vfat [\-v] [\-n \s-1LABEL\s0] \s-1FILE_OR_DEVICE\s0 [\s-1SIZE_IN_KB\s0] .Sp Make a \s-1FAT32\s0 filesystem .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-v Verbose \& \-n LBL Volume label .Ve .IP "\fBmknod\fR" 4 .IX Item "mknod" mknod [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1NAME\s0 \s-1TYPE\s0 \s-1MAJOR\s0 \s-1MINOR\s0 .Sp Create a special file (block, character, or pipe) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-m Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw) \&TYPEs include: \& \& b: Make a block device \& c or u: Make a character device \& p: Make a named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored) .Ve .IP "\fBmkpasswd\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkpasswd" mkpasswd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PASSWORD\s0] [\s-1SALT\s0] .Sp Crypt the \s-1PASSWORD\s0 using \fIcrypt\fR\|(3) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-P,\-\-password\-fd=NUM Read password from fd NUM \& \-m,\-\-method=TYPE Encryption method TYPE \& \-S,\-\-salt=SALT .Ve .IP "\fBmkswap\fR" 4 .IX Item "mkswap" mkswap \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Prepare block device to be used as swap partition .IP "\fBmktemp\fR" 4 .IX Item "mktemp" mktemp [\-dt] [\-p \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1TEMPLATE\s0] .Sp Create a temporary file with name based on \s-1TEMPLATE\s0 and print its name. \&\s-1TEMPLATE\s0 must end with \s-1XXXXXX\s0 (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX). .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-d Make a directory instead of a file \& \-t Generate a path rooted in temporary directory \& \-p DIR Use DIR as a temporary directory (implies \-t) .Ve .Sp For \-t or \-p, directory is chosen as follows: \&\f(CW$TMPDIR\fR if set, else \-p \s-1DIR\s0, else /tmp .IP "\fBmodprobe\fR" 4 .IX Item "modprobe" modprobe [\-knqrsvb] \s-1MODULE\s0 [symbol=value...] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-k Make module autoclean\-able \& \-n Dry run \& \-q Quiet \& \-r Remove module (stacks) or do autoclean \& \-s Report via syslog instead of stderr \& \-v Verbose \& \-b Apply blacklist to module names too .Ve .IP "\fBmore\fR" 4 .IX Item "more" more [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp View \s-1FILE\s0 or standard input one screenful at a time .IP "\fBmount\fR" 4 .IX Item "mount" mount [flags] \s-1DEVICE\s0 \s-1NODE\s0 [\-o \s-1OPT\s0,OPT] .Sp Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-a Mount all filesystems in fstab \& \-f Dry run \& \-i Don\*(Aqt run mount helper \& \-r Read\-only mount \& \-w Read\-write mount (default) \& \-t FSTYPE Filesystem type \& \-O OPT Mount only filesystems with option OPT (\-a only) \&\-o OPT: \& loop Ignored (loop devices are autodetected) \& [a]sync Writes are [a]synchronous \& [no]atime Disable/enable updates to inode access times \& [no]diratime Disable/enable atime updates to directories \& [no]relatime Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time \& [no]dev (Dis)allow use of special device files \& [no]exec (Dis)allow use of executable files \& [no]suid (Dis)allow set\-user\-id\-root programs \& [r]shared Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree \& [r]slave Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree \& [r]private Convert [recursively] to a private subtree \& [un]bindable Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted \& bind Bind a directory to an additional location \& move Relocate an existing mount point \& remount Remount a mounted filesystem, changing its flags \& ro/rw Read\-only/read\-write mount .Ve .Sp There are \s-1EVEN\s0 \s-1MORE\s0 flags that are specific to each filesystem You'll have to see the written documentation for those filesystems .IP "\fBmountpoint\fR" 4 .IX Item "mountpoint" mountpoint [\-q] <[\-dn] \s-1DIR\s0 | \-x \s-1DEVICE\s0> .Sp Check if the directory is a mountpoint .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-q Quiet \& \-d Print major/minor device number of the filesystem \& \-n Print device name of the filesystem \& \-x Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice .Ve .IP "\fBmt\fR" 4 .IX Item "mt" mt [\-f device] opcode value .Sp Control magnetic tape drive operation .Sp Available Opcodes: .Sp bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2 ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity setpart tell unload unlock weof wset .IP "\fBmv\fR" 4 .IX Item "mv" mv [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1SOURCE\s0 \s-1DEST\s0 or: mv [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1SOURCE\s0... \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp Rename \s-1SOURCE\s0 to \s-1DEST\s0, or move \s-1SOURCE\s0(s) to \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-f Don\*(Aqt prompt before overwriting \& \-i Interactive, prompt before overwrite .Ve .IP "\fBnameif\fR" 4 .IX Item "nameif" nameif [\-s] [\-c \s-1FILE\s0] [{\s-1IFNAME\s0 \s-1MACADDR\s0}] .Sp Rename network interface while it in the down state .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c FILE Use configuration file (default: /etc/mactab) \& \-s Use syslog (LOCAL0 facility) \& IFNAME MACADDR new_interface_name interface_mac_address .Ve .IP "\fBnc\fR" 4 .IX Item "nc" nc [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 \s-1PORT\s0 \- connect nc [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \-l \-p \s-1PORT\s0 [\s-1HOST\s0] [\s-1PORT\s0] \- listen .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-e PROG Run PROG after connect (must be last) \& \-l Listen mode, for inbound connects \& \-n Don\*(Aqt do DNS resolution \& \-s ADDR Local address \& \-p PORT Local port \& \-u UDP mode \& \-v Verbose \& \-w SEC Timeout for connects and final net reads \& \-i SEC Delay interval for lines sent \& \-o FILE Hex dump traffic \& \-z Zero\-I/O mode (scanning) .Ve .IP "\fBnetstat\fR" 4 .IX Item "netstat" netstat [\-laentuwxrWp] .Sp Display networking information .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 11 \& \-l Display listening server sockets \& \-a Display all sockets (default: connected) \& \-e Display other/more information \& \-n Don\*(Aqt resolve names \& \-t Tcp sockets \& \-u Udp sockets \& \-w Raw sockets \& \-x Unix sockets \& \-r Display routing table \& \-W Display with no column truncation \& \-p Display PID/Program name for sockets .Ve .IP "\fBnice\fR" 4 .IX Item "nice" nice [\-n \s-1ADJUST\s0] [\s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 with modified scheduling priority .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-n ADJUST Adjust priority by ADJUST .Ve .IP "\fBnmeter\fR" 4 .IX Item "nmeter" nmeter format_string .Sp Monitor system in real time .Sp Format specifiers: .Sp .Vb 10 \& %Nc or %[cN] Monitor CPU. N \- bar size, default 10 \& (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq) \& %[niface] Monitor network interface \*(Aqiface\*(Aq \& %m Monitor allocated memory \& %[mf] Monitor free memory \& %[mt] Monitor total memory \& %s Monitor allocated swap \& %f Monitor number of used file descriptors \& %Ni Monitor total/specific IRQ rate \& %x Monitor context switch rate \& %p Monitor forks \& %[pn] Monitor # of processes \& %b Monitor block io \& %Nt Show time (with N decimal points) \& %Nd Milliseconds between updates (default:1000) \& %r Print <cr> instead of <lf> at EOL .Ve .IP "\fBnohup\fR" 4 .IX Item "nohup" nohup \s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty .IP "\fBnslookup\fR" 4 .IX Item "nslookup" nslookup [\s-1HOST\s0] [\s-1SERVER\s0] .Sp Query the nameserver for the \s-1IP\s0 address of the given \s-1HOST\s0 optionally using a specified \s-1DNS\s0 server .IP "\fBod\fR" 4 .IX Item "od" od [\-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx] [\-t \s-1TYPE\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output. With no \s-1FILE\s0 or when \s-1FILE\s0 is \-, read standard input. .IP "\fBopenvt\fR" 4 .IX Item "openvt" openvt [\-c N] [\-sw] [\s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Start \s-1PROG\s0 on a new virtual terminal .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c N Use specified VT \& \-s Switch to the VT \& \-w Wait for PROG to exit .Ve .IP "\fBpasswd\fR" 4 .IX Item "passwd" passwd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1USER\s0] .Sp Change \s-1USER\s0's password. If no \s-1USER\s0 is specified, changes the password for the current user. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-a Algorithm to use for password (choices: des, md5) \& \-d Delete password for the account \& \-l Lock (disable) account \& \-u Unlock (re\-enable) account .Ve .IP "\fBpatch\fR" 4 .IX Item "patch" patch [\-p \s-1NUM\s0] [\-i \s-1DIFF\s0] [\-R] [\-N] .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-p NUM Strip NUM leading components from file names \& \-i DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin \& \-R Reverse patch \& \-N Ignore already applied patches .Ve .IP "\fBpgrep\fR" 4 .IX Item "pgrep" pgrep [\-flnovx] [\-s SID|\-P PPID|PATTERN] .Sp Display process(es) selected by regex \s-1PATTERN\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-l Show command name too \& \-f Match against entire command line \& \-n Show the newest process only \& \-o Show the oldest process only \& \-v Negate the match \& \-x Match whole name (not substring) \& \-s Match session ID (0 for current) \& \-P Match parent process ID .Ve .IP "\fBpidof\fR" 4 .IX Item "pidof" pidof [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1NAME\s0...] .Sp List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-s Show only one PID \& \-o PID Omit given pid \& Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof\*(Aqs parent .Ve .IP "\fBping\fR" 4 .IX Item "ping" ping [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Send \s-1ICMP\s0 \s-1ECHO_REQUEST\s0 packets to network hosts .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-4, \-6 Force IPv4 or IPv6 hostname resolution \& \-c CNT Send only CNT pings \& \-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56) \& \-I IFACE/IP Use interface or IP address as source \& \-W SEC Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10) \& (after all \-c CNT packets are sent) \& \-w SEC Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite) \& (can exit earlier with \-c CNT) \& \-q Quiet, only displays output at start \& and when finished .Ve .IP "\fBping6\fR" 4 .IX Item "ping6" ping6 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Send \s-1ICMP\s0 \s-1ECHO_REQUEST\s0 packets to network hosts .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-c CNT Send only CNT pings \& \-s SIZE Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56) \& \-I IFACE/IP Use interface or IP address as source \& \-q Quiet, only displays output at start \& and when finished .Ve .IP "\fBpivot_root\fR" 4 .IX Item "pivot_root" pivot_root \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 \s-1PUT_OLD\s0 .Sp Move the current root file system to \s-1PUT_OLD\s0 and make \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 the new root file system .IP "\fBpkill\fR" 4 .IX Item "pkill" pkill [\-l|\-SIGNAL] [\-fnovx] [\-s SID|\-P PPID|PATTERN] .Sp Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex \s-1PATTERN\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-l List all signals \& \-f Match against entire command line \& \-n Signal the newest process only \& \-o Signal the oldest process only \& \-v Negate the match \& \-x Match whole name (not substring) \& \-s Match session ID (0 for current) \& \-P Match parent process ID .Ve .IP "\fBpopmaildir\fR" 4 .IX Item "popmaildir" popmaildir [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] Maildir [connection\-helper ...] .Sp Fetch content of remote mailbox to local maildir .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-b Binary mode. Ignored \& \-d Debug. Ignored \& \-m Show used memory. Ignored \& \-V Show version. Ignored \& \-c Use tcpclient. Ignored \& \-a Use APOP protocol. Implied. If server supports APOP \-> use it \& \-s Skip authorization \& \-T Get messages with TOP instead with RETR \& \-k Keep retrieved messages on the server \& \-t timeout Network timeout \& \-F "program arg1 arg2 ..." Filter by program. May be multiple \& \-M "program arg1 arg2 ..." Deliver by program \& \-R size Remove old messages on the server >= size (in bytes). Ignored \& \-Z N1\-N2 Remove messages from N1 to N2 (dangerous). Ignored \& \-L size Do not retrieve new messages >= size (in bytes). Ignored \& \-H lines Type specified number of lines of a message. Ignored .Ve .IP "\fBprintenv\fR" 4 .IX Item "printenv" printenv [\s-1VARIABLE\s0...] .Sp Print all or part of environment. If no environment \s-1VARIABLE\s0 specified, print them all. .IP "\fBprintf\fR" 4 .IX Item "printf" printf \s-1FORMAT\s0 [\s-1ARGUMENT\s0...] .Sp Format and print \s-1ARGUMENT\s0(s) according to \s-1FORMAT\s0, where \s-1FORMAT\s0 controls the output exactly as in C printf .IP "\fBps\fR" 4 .IX Item "ps" ps .Sp Report process status .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-o col1,col2=header Select columns for display \& \-T Show threads .Ve .IP "\fBpscan\fR" 4 .IX Item "pscan" pscan [\-cb] [\-p \s-1MIN_PORT\s0] [\-P \s-1MAX_PORT\s0] [\-t \s-1TIMEOUT\s0] [\-T \s-1MIN_RTT\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Scan a host, print all open ports .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-c Show closed ports too \& \-b Show blocked ports too \& \-p Scan from this port (default 1) \& \-P Scan up to this port (default 1024) \& \-t Timeout (default 5000 ms) \& \-T Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts) .Ve .IP "\fBpwd\fR" 4 .IX Item "pwd" pwd .Sp Print the full filename of the current working directory .IP "\fBraidautorun\fR" 4 .IX Item "raidautorun" raidautorun \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Tell the kernel to automatically search and start \s-1RAID\s0 arrays .IP "\fBrdate\fR" 4 .IX Item "rdate" rdate [\-sp] \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-s Set the system date and time (default) \& \-p Print the date and time .Ve .IP "\fBrdev\fR" 4 .IX Item "rdev" rdev .Sp Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/' .IP "\fBreadlink\fR" 4 .IX Item "readlink" readlink [\-fnv] \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp Display the value of a symlink .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-f Canonicalize by following all symlinks \& \-n Don\*(Aqt add newline \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBreadprofile\fR" 4 .IX Item "readprofile" readprofile [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-m mapfile (Default: /boot/System.map) \& \-p profile (Default: /proc/profile) \& \-M mult Set the profiling multiplier to mult \& \-i Print only info about the sampling step \& \-v Verbose \& \-a Print all symbols, even if count is 0 \& \-b Print individual histogram\-bin counts \& \-s Print individual counters within functions \& \-r Reset all the counters (root only) \& \-n Disable byte order auto\-detection .Ve .IP "\fBrealpath\fR" 4 .IX Item "realpath" realpath pathname... .Sp Return the absolute pathnames of given argument .IP "\fBreformime\fR" 4 .IX Item "reformime" reformime [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Parse MIME-encoded message .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-x prefix Extract content of MIME sections to files \& \-X prog [args] Filter content of MIME sections through prog. \& Must be the last option .Ve .Sp Other options are silently ignored. .IP "\fBrenice\fR" 4 .IX Item "renice" renice {{\-n \s-1INCREMENT\s0} | \s-1PRIORITY\s0} [[\-p | \-g | \-u] \s-1ID\s0...] .Sp Change priority of running processes .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-n Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster) \& \-p Process id(s) (default) \& \-g Process group id(s) \& \-u Process user name(s) and/or id(s) .Ve .IP "\fBreset\fR" 4 .IX Item "reset" reset .Sp Reset the screen .IP "\fBresize\fR" 4 .IX Item "resize" resize .Sp Resize the screen .IP "\fBrm\fR" 4 .IX Item "rm" rm [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1FILE\s0... .Sp Remove (unlink) the \s-1FILE\s0(s). Use '\-\-' to indicate that all following arguments are non-options. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-i Always prompt before removing \& \-f Never prompt \& \-r,\-R Remove directories recursively .Ve .IP "\fBrmdir\fR" 4 .IX Item "rmdir" rmdir [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0... .Sp Remove the \s-1DIRECTORY\s0, if it is empty .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-p|\-\-parents Include parents \& \-\-ignore\-fail\-on\-non\-empty .Ve .IP "\fBrmmod\fR" 4 .IX Item "rmmod" rmmod [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1MODULE\s0]... .Sp Unload the specified kernel modules from the kernel .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-w Wait until the module is no longer used \& \-f Force unloading \& \-a Remove all unused modules (recursively) .Ve .IP "\fBroute\fR" 4 .IX Item "route" route [{add|del|delete}] .Sp Edit kernel routing tables .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-n Don\*(Aqt resolve names \& \-e Display other/more information \& \-A inet{6} Select address family .Ve .IP "\fBrpm\fR" 4 .IX Item "rpm" rpm \-i \-q[ildc]p package.rpm .Sp Manipulate \s-1RPM\s0 packages .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-i Install package \& \-q Query package \& \-p Query uninstalled package \& \-i Show information \& \-l List contents \& \-d List documents \& \-c List config files .Ve .IP "\fBrpm2cpio\fR" 4 .IX Item "rpm2cpio" rpm2cpio package.rpm .Sp Output a cpio archive of the rpm file .IP "\fBrtcwake\fR" 4 .IX Item "rtcwake" rtcwake [\-a | \-l | \-u] [\-d \s-1DEV\s0] [\-m \s-1MODE\s0] [\-s \s-1SEC\s0 | \-t \s-1TIME\s0] .Sp Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-a,\-\-auto Read clock mode from adjtime \& \-l,\-\-local Clock is set to local time \& \-u,\-\-utc Clock is set to UTC time \& \-d,\-\-device=DEV Specify the RTC device \& \-m,\-\-mode=MODE Set the sleep state (default: standby) \& \-s,\-\-seconds=SEC Set the timeout in SEC seconds from now \& \-t,\-\-time=TIME Set the timeout to TIME seconds from epoch .Ve .IP "\fBrun-parts\fR" 4 .IX Item "run-parts" run-parts [\-t] [\-l] [\-a \s-1ARG\s0] [\-u \s-1MASK\s0] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 .Sp Run a bunch of scripts in a directory .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-t Print what would be run, but don\*(Aqt actually run anything \& \-a ARG Pass ARG as argument for every program \& \-u MASK Set the umask to MASK before running every program \& \-l Print names of all matching files even if they are not executable .Ve .IP "\fBrunlevel\fR" 4 .IX Item "runlevel" runlevel [utmp] .Sp Find the current and previous system runlevel .Sp If no utmp file exists or if no runlevel record can be found, print \*(L"unknown\*(R" .IP "\fBrunsv\fR" 4 .IX Item "runsv" runsv dir .Sp Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service .IP "\fBrunsvdir\fR" 4 .IX Item "runsvdir" runsvdir [\-P] [\-s \s-1SCRIPT\s0] dir .Sp Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart it. .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-P Put each runsv in a new session \& \-s SCRIPT Run SCRIPT <signo> after signal is processed .Ve .IP "\fBrx\fR" 4 .IX Item "rx" rx \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp Receive a file using the xmodem protocol .IP "\fBscript\fR" 4 .IX Item "script" script [\-afqt] [\-c \s-1PROG\s0] [\s-1OUTFILE\s0] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-a Append output \& \-c Run PROG, not shell \& \-f Flush output after each write \& \-q Quiet \& \-t Send timing to stderr .Ve .IP "\fBscriptreplay\fR" 4 .IX Item "scriptreplay" scriptreplay timingfile [typescript [divisor]] .Sp Play back typescripts, using timing information .IP "\fBsed\fR" 4 .IX Item "sed" sed [\-efinr] \s-1SED_CMD\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-e CMD Add CMD to sed commands to be executed \& \-f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed \& \-i Edit files in\-place \& \-n Suppress automatic printing of pattern space \& \-r Use extended regex syntax .Ve .Sp If no \-e or \-f is given, the first non-option argument is taken as the sed command to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of input files; if no input files are specified, then the standard input is read. Source files will not be modified unless \-i option is given. .IP "\fBsendmail\fR" 4 .IX Item "sendmail" sendmail [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1RECIPIENT_EMAIL\s0]... .Sp Read email from stdin and send it .Sp Standard options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-t Read additional recipients from message body \& \-f sender Sender (required) \& \-o options Various options. \-oi implied, others are ignored .Ve .Sp Busybox specific options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-w seconds Network timeout \& \-H \*(AqPROG ARGS\*(Aq Run connection helper \& Examples: \& \-H \*(Aqexec openssl s_client \-quiet \-tls1 \-starttls smtp \& \-connect smtp.gmail.com:25\*(Aq <email.txt \& [4<username_and_passwd.txt | \-au<username> \-ap<password>] \& \-H \*(Aqexec openssl s_client \-quiet \-tls1 \& \-connect smtp.gmail.com:465\*(Aq <email.txt \& [4<username_and_passwd.txt | \-au<username> \-ap<password>] \& \-S server[:port] Server \& \-au<username> Username for AUTH LOGIN \& \-ap<password> Password for AUTH LOGIN \& \-am<method> Authentication method. Ignored. LOGIN is implied .Ve .Sp Other options are silently ignored; \-oi \-t is implied Use makemime applet to create message with attachments .IP "\fBseq\fR" 4 .IX Item "seq" seq [\-w] [\-s \s-1SEP\s0] [\s-1FIRST\s0 [\s-1INC\s0]] \s-1LAST\s0 .Sp Print numbers from \s-1FIRST\s0 to \s-1LAST\s0, in steps of \s-1INC\s0. \&\s-1FIRST\s0, \s-1INC\s0 default to 1 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-w Pad to last with leading zeros \& \-s SEP String separator .Ve .IP "\fBsetarch\fR" 4 .IX Item "setarch" setarch personality program [args...] .Sp Personality may be: .Sp .Vb 2 \& linux32 Set 32bit uname emulation \& linux64 Set 64bit uname emulation .Ve .IP "\fBsetconsole\fR" 4 .IX Item "setconsole" setconsole [\-r|\-\-reset] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Redirect system console output to \s-1DEVICE\s0 (default: /dev/tty) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-r Reset output to /dev/console .Ve .IP "\fBsetfont\fR" 4 .IX Item "setfont" setfont \s-1FONT\s0 [\-m \s-1MAPFILE\s0] [\-C \s-1TTY\s0] .Sp Load a console font .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-m MAPFILE Load console screen map \& \-C TTY Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty .Ve .IP "\fBsetkeycodes\fR" 4 .IX Item "setkeycodes" setkeycodes \s-1SCANCODE\s0 \s-1KEYCODE\s0... .Sp Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map, allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes. .Sp \&\s-1SCANCODE\s0 may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal), and \s-1KEYCODE\s0 is given in decimal .IP "\fBsetlogcons\fR" 4 .IX Item "setlogcons" setlogcons N .Sp Redirect the kernel output to console N (0 for current) .IP "\fBsetsid\fR" 4 .IX Item "setsid" setsid \s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARG\s0...] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 in a new session. \s-1PROG\s0 will have no controlling terminal and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc). See \fIsetsid\fR\|(2) for details. .IP "\fBsetuidgid\fR" 4 .IX Item "setuidgid" setuidgid account prog args .Sp Set uid and gid to account's uid and gid, removing all supplementary groups and run \s-1PROG\s0 .IP "\fBsha1sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha1sum" sha1sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... or: sha1sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \-c [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Print or check \s-1SHA1\s0 checksums .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against given list \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBsha256sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha256sum" sha256sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... or: sha256sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \-c [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Print or check \s-1SHA256\s0 checksums .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against given list \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBsha512sum\fR" 4 .IX Item "sha512sum" sha512sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... or: sha512sum [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \-c [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Print or check \s-1SHA512\s0 checksums .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Check sums against given list \& \-s Don\*(Aqt output anything, status code shows success \& \-w Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines .Ve .IP "\fBshowkey\fR" 4 .IX Item "showkey" showkey [\-a | \-k | \-s] .Sp Show keys pressed .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-a Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys \& \-k Display interpreted keycodes (default) \& \-s Display raw scan\-codes .Ve .IP "\fBslattach\fR" 4 .IX Item "slattach" slattach [\-cehmLF] [\-s \s-1SPEED\s0] [\-p \s-1PROTOCOL\s0] \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Attach network interface(s) to serial line(s) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-p PROT Set protocol (slip, cslip, slip6, clisp6 or adaptive) \& \-s SPD Set line speed \& \-e Exit after initializing device \& \-h Exit when the carrier is lost \& \-c PROG Run PROG when the line is hung up \& \-m Do NOT initialize the line in raw 8 bits mode \& \-L Enable 3\-wire operation \& \-F Disable RTS/CTS flow control .Ve .IP "\fBsleep\fR" 4 .IX Item "sleep" sleep [N]... .Sp Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays .IP "\fBsoftlimit\fR" 4 .IX Item "softlimit" softlimit [\-a \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-m \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-d \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-s \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-l \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-f \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-c \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-r \s-1BYTES\s0] [\-o N] [\-p N] [\-t N] \s-1PROG\s0 \s-1ARGS\s0 .Sp Set soft resource limits, then run \s-1PROG\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-a BYTES Limit total size of all segments \& \-m BYTES Same as \-d BYTES \-s BYTES \-l BYTES \-a BYTES \& \-d BYTES Limit data segment \& \-s BYTES Limit stack segment \& \-l BYTES Limit locked memory size \& \-o N Limit number of open files per process \& \-p N Limit number of processes per uid \&Options controlling file sizes: \& \& \-f BYTES Limit output file sizes \& \-c BYTES Limit core file size \&Efficiency opts: \& \& \-r BYTES Limit resident set size \& \-t N Limit CPU time, process receives \& a SIGXCPU after N seconds .Ve .IP "\fBsort\fR" 4 .IX Item "sort" sort [\-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt] [\-o \s-1FILE\s0] [\-k start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [\-t \s-1CHAR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Sort lines of text .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-b Ignore leading blanks \& \-c Check whether input is sorted \& \-d Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only) \& \-f Ignore case \& \-g General numerical sort \& \-i Ignore unprintable characters \& \-k Sort key \& \-M Sort month \& \-n Sort numbers \& \-o Output to file \& \-k Sort by key \& \-t CHAR Key separator \& \-r Reverse sort order \& \-s Stable (don\*(Aqt sort ties alphabetically) \& \-u Suppress duplicate lines \& \-z Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline \& \-mST Ignored for GNU compatibility .Ve .IP "\fBsplit\fR" 4 .IX Item "split" split [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1INPUT\s0 [\s-1PREFIX\s0]] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-b n[k|m] Split by bytes \& \-l n Split by lines \& \-a n Use n letters as suffix .Ve .IP "\fBstart-stop-daemon\fR" 4 .IX Item "start-stop-daemon" start-stop-daemon [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-S|\-K] ... [\-\- arguments...] .Sp Search for matching processes, and then \&\-K: stop all matching processes. \&\-S: start a process unless a matching process is found. .Sp Process matching: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-u,\-\-user USERNAME|UID Match only this user\*(Aqs processes \& \-n,\-\-name NAME Match processes with NAME \& in comm field in /proc/PID/stat \& \-x,\-\-exec EXECUTABLE Match processes with this command \& in /proc/PID/cmdline \& \-p,\-\-pidfile FILE Match a process with PID from the file \& All specified conditions must match \&\-S only: \& \-x,\-\-exec EXECUTABLE Program to run \& \-a,\-\-startas NAME Zeroth argument \& \-b,\-\-background Background \& \-N,\-\-nicelevel N Change nice level \& \-c,\-\-chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group \& \-m,\-\-make\-pidfile Write PID to the pidfile specified by \-p \&\-K only: \& \-s,\-\-signal SIG Signal to send \& \-t,\-\-test Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found \&Other: \& \& \-o,\-\-oknodo Exit with status 0 if nothing is done \& \-v,\-\-verbose Verbose \& \-q,\-\-quiet Quiet .Ve .IP "\fBstat\fR" 4 .IX Item "stat" stat [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1FILE\s0... .Sp Display file (default) or filesystem status .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-c fmt Use the specified format \& \-f Display filesystem status \& \-L Dereference links \& \-t Display info in terse form .Ve .Sp Valid format sequences for files: .Sp .Vb 10 \& %a Access rights in octal \& %A Access rights in human readable form \& %b Number of blocks allocated (see %B) \& %B The size in bytes of each block reported by %b \& %d Device number in decimal \& %D Device number in hex \& %f Raw mode in hex \& %F File type \& %g Group ID of owner \& %G Group name of owner \& %h Number of hard links \& %i Inode number \& %n File name \& %N Quoted file name with dereference if symlink \& %o I/O block size \& %s Total size, in bytes \& %t Major device type in hex \& %T Minor device type in hex \& %u User ID of owner \& %U User name of owner \& %x Time of last access \& %X Time of last access as seconds since Epoch \& %y Time of last modification \& %Y Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch \& %z Time of last change \& %Z Time of last change as seconds since Epoch .Ve .Sp Valid format sequences for file systems: .Sp .Vb 12 \& %a Free blocks available to non\-superuser \& %b Total data blocks in file system \& %c Total file nodes in file system \& %d Free file nodes in file system \& %f Free blocks in file system \& %i File System ID in hex \& %l Maximum length of filenames \& %n File name \& %s Block size (for faster transfer) \& %S Fundamental block size (for block counts) \& %t Type in hex \& %T Type in human readable form .Ve .IP "\fBstrings\fR" 4 .IX Item "strings" strings [\-afo] [\-n \s-1LEN\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Display printable strings in a binary file .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-a Scan whole file (default) \& \-f Precede strings with filenames \& \-n LEN At least LEN characters form a string (default 4) \& \-o Precede strings with decimal offsets .Ve .IP "\fBstty\fR" 4 .IX Item "stty" stty [\-a|g] [\-F \s-1DEVICE\s0] [\s-1SETTING\s0]... .Sp Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations from stty sane .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-F DEVICE Open device instead of stdin \& \-a Print all current settings in human\-readable form \& \-g Print in stty\-readable form \& [SETTING] See manpage .Ve .IP "\fBsu\fR" 4 .IX Item "su" su [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-] [username] .Sp Change user id or become root .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-p, \-m Preserve environment \& \-c CMD Command to pass to \*(Aqsh \-c\*(Aq \& \-s SH Shell to use instead of default shell .Ve .IP "\fBsulogin\fR" 4 .IX Item "sulogin" sulogin [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1TTY\s0] .Sp Single user login .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-t N Timeout .Ve .IP "\fBsum\fR" 4 .IX Item "sum" sum [\-rs] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Checksum and count the blocks in a file .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-r Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks) \& \-s Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks) .Ve .IP "\fBsv\fR" 4 .IX Item "sv" sv [\-v] [\-w sec] command service... .Sp Control services monitored by runsv supervisor. Commands (only first character is enough): .Sp status: query service status up: if service isn't running, start it. If service stops, restart it once: like 'up', but if service stops, don't restart it down: send \s-1TERM\s0 and \s-1CONT\s0 signals. If ./run exits, start ./finish if it exists. After it stops, do not restart service exit: send \s-1TERM\s0 and \s-1CONT\s0 signals to service and log service. If they exit, runsv exits too pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1, 2, term, kill: send \&\s-1STOP\s0, \s-1CONT\s0, \s-1HUP\s0, \s-1ALRM\s0, \s-1INT\s0, \s-1QUIT\s0, \s-1USR1\s0, \s-1USR2\s0, \s-1TERM\s0, \s-1KILL\s0 signal to service .IP "\fBsvlogd\fR" 4 .IX Item "svlogd" svlogd [\-ttv] [\-r c] [\-R abc] [\-l len] [\-b buflen] dir... .Sp Continuously read log data from standard input, optionally filter log messages, and write the data to one or more automatically rotated logs .IP "\fBswapoff\fR" 4 .IX Item "swapoff" swapoff [\-a] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Stop swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-a Stop swapping on all swap devices .Ve .IP "\fBswapon\fR" 4 .IX Item "swapon" swapon [\-a] [\-p pri] [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Start swapping on \s-1DEVICE\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-a Start swapping on all swap devices \& \-p pri Set swap device priority .Ve .IP "\fBswitch_root\fR" 4 .IX Item "switch_root" switch_root [\-c /dev/console] \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 \s-1NEW_INIT\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] .Sp Free initramfs and switch to another root fs: .Sp chroot to \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0, delete all in /, move \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 to /, execute \s-1NEW_INIT\s0. \s-1PID\s0 must be 1. \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 must be a mountpoint. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-c DEV Reopen stdio to DEV after switch .Ve .IP "\fBsync\fR" 4 .IX Item "sync" sync .Sp Write all buffered blocks to disk .IP "\fBsysctl\fR" 4 .IX Item "sysctl" sysctl [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1VALUE\s0]... .Sp Configure kernel parameters at runtime .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-n Don\*(Aqt print key names \& \-e Don\*(Aqt warn about unknown keys \& \-w Change sysctl setting \& \-p FILE Load sysctl settings from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf) \& \-a Display all values \& \-A Display all values in table form .Ve .IP "\fBsyslogd\fR" 4 .IX Item "syslogd" syslogd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp System logging utility. Note that this version of syslogd ignores /etc/syslog.conf. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-n Run in foreground \& \-O FILE Log to given file (default:/var/log/messages) \& \-l n Set local log level \& \-S Smaller logging output \& \-s SIZE Max size (KB) before rotate (default:200KB, 0=off) \& \-b NUM Number of rotated logs to keep (default:1, max=99, 0=purge) \& \-R HOST[:PORT] Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP) \& \-L Log locally and via network (default is network only if \-R) \& \-D Drop duplicates \& \-C[size(KiB)] Log to shared mem buffer (read it using logread) .Ve .IP "\fBtac\fR" 4 .IX Item "tac" tac [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Concatenate \s-1FILE\s0(s) and print them in reverse .IP "\fBtail\fR" 4 .IX Item "tail" tail [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print last 10 lines of each \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output. With more than one \s-1FILE\s0, precede each with a header giving the file name. With no \s-1FILE\s0, or when \s-1FILE\s0 is \-, read standard input. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-c N[kbm] Output the last N bytes \& \-n N[kbm] Print last N lines instead of last 10 \& \-f Output data as the file grows \& \-q Never output headers giving file names \& \-s SEC Wait SEC seconds between reads with \-f \& \-v Always output headers giving file names .Ve .Sp If the first character of N (bytes or lines) is a '+', output begins with the Nth item from the start of each file, otherwise, print the last N items in the file. N bytes may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (1024^2). .IP "\fBtar\fR" 4 .IX Item "tar" tar \-[czjaZxtvO] [\-X \s-1FILE\s0] [\-f \s-1TARFILE\s0] [\-C \s-1DIR\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0(s)]... .Sp Create, extract, or list files from a tar file .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& c Create \& x Extract \& t List \&Archive format selection: \& \& z Filter the archive through gzip \& j Filter the archive through bzip2 \& a Filter the archive through lzma \& Z Filter the archive through compress \&File selection: \& \& f Name of TARFILE or "\-" for stdin \& O Extract to stdout \& exclude File to exclude \& X File with names to exclude \& C Change to directory DIR before operation \& v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBtaskset\fR" 4 .IX Item "taskset" taskset [\-p] [\s-1MASK\s0] [\s-1PID\s0 | \s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Set or get \s-1CPU\s0 affinity .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-p Operate on an existing PID .Ve .IP "\fBtcpsvd\fR" 4 .IX Item "tcpsvd" tcpsvd [\-hEv] [\-c N] [\-C N[:MSG]] [\-b N] [\-u \s-1USER\s0] [\-l \s-1NAME\s0] \s-1IP\s0 \s-1PORT\s0 \s-1PROG\s0 .Sp Create \s-1TCP\s0 socket, bind to \s-1IP:PORT\s0 and listen for incoming connection. Run \s-1PROG\s0 for each connection. .Sp .Vb 10 \& IP IP to listen on. \*(Aq0\*(Aq = all \& PORT Port to listen on \& PROG [ARGS] Program to run \& \-l NAME Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS) \& \-u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind \& \-c N Handle up to N connections simultaneously \& \-b N Allow a backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs \& \-C N[:MSG] Allow only up to N connections from the same IP \& New connections from this IP address are closed \& immediately. MSG is written to the peer before close \& \-h Look up peer\*(Aqs hostname \& \-E Do not set up environment variables \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBtee\fR" 4 .IX Item "tee" tee [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Copy standard input to each \s-1FILE\s0, and also to standard output .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-a Append to the given FILEs, do not overwrite \& \-i Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT) .Ve .IP "\fBtelnet\fR" 4 .IX Item "telnet" telnet [\-a] [\-l \s-1USER\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0] .Sp Connect to telnet server .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-a Automatic login with $USER variable \& \-l USER Automatic login as USER .Ve .IP "\fBtelnetd\fR" 4 .IX Item "telnetd" telnetd [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Handle incoming telnet connections .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-l LOGIN Exec LOGIN on connect \& \-f ISSUE_FILE Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue \& \-K Close connection as soon as login exits \& (normally wait until all programs close slave pty) \& \-p PORT Port to listen on \& \-b ADDR[:PORT] Address to bind to \& \-F Run in foreground \& \-i Run as inetd service \& \-w SEC Run as inetd service in wait mode, linger time SEC \& \-S Log to syslog (implied by \-i or without \-F and \-w) .Ve .IP "\fBtest\fR" 4 .IX Item "test" test \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 ] .Sp Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code depending on logical value of \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 .IP "\fBtftp\fR" 4 .IX Item "tftp" tftp [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1HOST\s0 [\s-1PORT\s0] .Sp Transfer a file from/to tftp server .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-l FILE Local FILE \& \-r FILE Remote FILE \& \-g Get file \& \-p Put file \& \-b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets .Ve .IP "\fBtftpd\fR" 4 .IX Item "tftpd" tftpd [\-cr] [\-u \s-1USER\s0] [\s-1DIR\s0] .Sp Transfer a file on tftp client's request .Sp tftpd should be used as an inetd service. tftpd's line for inetd.conf: 69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd /files/to/serve It also can be ran from udpsvd: .Sp .Vb 1 \& udpsvd \-vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve .Ve .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-r Prohibit upload \& \-c Allow file creation via upload \& \-u Access files as USER .Ve .IP "\fBtime\fR" 4 .IX Item "time" time [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0. When it finishes, its resource usage is displayed. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBtimeout\fR" 4 .IX Item "timeout" timeout [\-t \s-1SECS\s0] [\-s \s-1SIG\s0] \s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] .Sp Runs \s-1PROG\s0. Sends \s-1SIG\s0 to it if it is not gone in \s-1SECS\s0 seconds. Defaults: \s-1SECS:\s0 10, \s-1SIG:\s0 \s-1TERM\s0. .IP "\fBtop\fR" 4 .IX Item "top" top [\-b] [\-nCOUNT] [\-dSECONDS] [\-m] .Sp Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of all processes from /proc each \s-1SECONDS\s0 and show the status for however many processes will fit on the screen. .IP "\fBtouch\fR" 4 .IX Item "touch" touch [\-c] [\-d \s-1DATE\s0] \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Do not create files \& \-d DT Date/time to use .Ve .IP "\fBtr\fR" 4 .IX Item "tr" tr [\-cds] \s-1STRING1\s0 [\s-1STRING2\s0] .Sp Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Take complement of STRING1 \& \-d Delete input characters coded STRING1 \& \-s Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character .Ve .IP "\fBtraceroute\fR" 4 .IX Item "traceroute" traceroute [\-FIldnrv] [\-f 1st_ttl] [\-m max_ttl] [\-p port#] [\-q nqueries] [\-s src_addr] [\-t tos] [\-w wait] [\-g gateway] [\-i iface] [\-z pausemsecs] \s-1HOST\s0 [data size] .Sp Trace the route to \s-1HOST\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-F Set the don\*(Aqt fragment bit \& \-I Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams \& \-l Display the ttl value of the returned packet \& \-d Set SO_DEBUG options to socket \& \-n Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically \& \-r Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host \& \-v Verbose \& \-m max_ttl Max time\-to\-live (max number of hops) \& \-p port# Base UDP port number used in probes \& (default 33434) \& \-q nqueries Number of probes per \*(Aqttl\*(Aq (default 3) \& \-s src_addr IP address to use as the source address \& \-t tos Type\-of\-service in probe packets (default 0) \& \-w wait Time in seconds to wait for a response \& (default 3 sec) \& \-g Loose source route gateway (8 max) .Ve .IP "\fBtrue\fR" 4 .IX Item "true" true .Sp Return an exit code of \s-1TRUE\s0 (0) .IP "\fBtty\fR" 4 .IX Item "tty" tty .Sp Print file name of standard input's terminal .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-s Print nothing, only return exit status .Ve .IP "\fBttysize\fR" 4 .IX Item "ttysize" ttysize [w] [h] .Sp Print dimension(s) of standard input's terminal, on error return 80x25 .IP "\fBudhcpc\fR" 4 .IX Item "udhcpc" udhcpc [\-Cfbnqtvo] [\-c \s-1CID\s0] [\-V \s-1VCLS\s0] [\-H \s-1HOSTNAME\s0] [\-i \s-1INTERFACE\s0] [\-p pidfile] [\-r \s-1IP\s0] [\-s script] [\-O dhcp\-option]... .Sp .Vb 10 \& \-V,\-\-vendorclass=CLASSID Vendor class identifier \& \-i,\-\-interface=INTERFACE Interface to use (default eth0) \& \-H,\-h,\-\-hostname=HOSTNAME Client hostname \& \-c,\-\-clientid=CLIENTID Client identifier \& \-C,\-\-clientid\-none Suppress default client identifier \& \-p,\-\-pidfile=file Create pidfile \& \-r,\-\-request=IP IP address to request \& \-s,\-\-script=file Run file at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script) \& \-t,\-\-retries=N Send up to N request packets \& \-T,\-\-timeout=N Try to get a lease for N seconds (default 3) \& \-A,\-\-tryagain=N Wait N seconds (default 20) after failure \& \-O,\-\-request\-option=OPT Request DHCP option OPT (cumulative) \& \-o,\-\-no\-default\-options Do not request any options (unless \-O is also given) \& \-f,\-\-foreground Run in foreground \& \-b,\-\-background Background if lease is not immediately obtained \& \-S,\-\-syslog Log to syslog too \& \-n,\-\-now Exit with failure if lease is not immediately obtained \& \-q,\-\-quit Quit after obtaining lease \& \-R,\-\-release Release IP on quit \& \-a,\-\-arping Use arping to validate offered address .Ve .IP "\fBudhcpd\fR" 4 .IX Item "udhcpd" udhcpd [\-fS] [configfile] .Sp \&\s-1DHCP\s0 server .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-f Run in foreground \& \-S Log to syslog too .Ve .IP "\fBudpsvd\fR" 4 .IX Item "udpsvd" udpsvd [\-hEv] [\-c N] [\-u \s-1USER\s0] [\-l \s-1NAME\s0] \s-1IP\s0 \s-1PORT\s0 \s-1PROG\s0 .Sp Create \s-1UDP\s0 socket, bind to \s-1IP:PORT\s0 and wait for incoming packets. Run \s-1PROG\s0 for each packet, redirecting all further packets with same peer ip:port to it. .Sp .Vb 9 \& IP IP to listen on. \*(Aq0\*(Aq = all \& PORT Port to listen on \& PROG [ARGS] Program to run \& \-l NAME Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS) \& \-u USER[:GRP] Change to user/group after bind \& \-c N Handle up to N connections simultaneously \& \-h Look up peer\*(Aqs hostname \& \-E Do not set up environment variables \& \-v Verbose .Ve .IP "\fBumount\fR" 4 .IX Item "umount" umount [flags] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY .Sp Unmount file systems .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 5 \& \-a Unmount all file systems \& \-r Try to remount devices as read\-only if mount is busy \& \-l Lazy umount (detach filesystem) \& \-f Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server) \& \-d Free loop device if it has been used .Ve .IP "\fBuname\fR" 4 .IX Item "uname" uname [\-amnrspv] .Sp Print system information .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-a Print all \& \-m The machine (hardware) type \& \-n Hostname \& \-r OS release \& \-s OS name (default) \& \-p Processor type \& \-v OS version .Ve .IP "\fBuncompress\fR" 4 .IX Item "uncompress" uncompress [\-c] [\-f] [name...] .Sp Uncompress .Z file[s] .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Extract to stdout \& \-f Overwrite an existing file .Ve .IP "\fBunexpand\fR" 4 .IX Item "unexpand" unexpand [\-f][\-a][\-t \s-1NUM\s0] [FILE|\-] .Sp Convert spaces to tabs, writing to standard output .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-a,\-\-all Convert all blanks \& \-f,\-\-first\-only Convert only leading blanks \& \-t,\-\-tabs=N Tabstops every N chars .Ve .IP "\fBuniq\fR" 4 .IX Item "uniq" uniq [\-fscduw]... [\s-1INPUT\s0 [\s-1OUTPUT\s0]] .Sp Discard duplicate lines .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& \-c Prefix lines by the number of occurrences \& \-d Only print duplicate lines \& \-u Only print unique lines \& \-f N Skip first N fields \& \-s N Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields) \& \-w N Compare N characters in line .Ve .IP "\fBunix2dos\fR" 4 .IX Item "unix2dos" unix2dos [\s-1OPTION\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Convert \s-1FILE\s0 in-place from Unix to \s-1DOS\s0 format. When no file is given, use stdin/stdout. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-u dos2unix \& \-d unix2dos .Ve .IP "\fBunlzma\fR" 4 .IX Item "unlzma" unlzma [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0] .Sp Uncompress \s-1FILE\s0 (or standard input if \s-1FILE\s0 is '\-' or omitted) .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-c Write to standard output \& \-f Force .Ve .IP "\fBunlzop\fR" 4 .IX Item "unlzop" unlzop [\-cfvCF] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-c Write to standard output \& \-f Force \& \-v Verbose \& \-F Don\*(Aqt store or verify checksum .Ve .IP "\fBunzip\fR" 4 .IX Item "unzip" unzip [\-opts[modifiers]] file[.zip] [list] [\-x xlist] [\-d exdir] .Sp Extract files from \s-1ZIP\s0 archives .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-l List archive contents (with \-q for short form) \& \-n Never overwrite existing files (default) \& \-o Overwrite files without prompting \& \-p Send output to stdout \& \-q Quiet \& \-x Exclude these files \& \-d Extract files into this directory .Ve .IP "\fBuptime\fR" 4 .IX Item "uptime" uptime .Sp Display the time since the last boot .IP "\fBusleep\fR" 4 .IX Item "usleep" usleep N .Sp Pause for N microseconds .IP "\fBuudecode\fR" 4 .IX Item "uudecode" uudecode [\-o outfile] [infile] .Sp Uudecode a file Finds outfile name in uuencoded source unless \-o is given .IP "\fBuuencode\fR" 4 .IX Item "uuencode" uuencode [\-m] [infile] stored_filename .Sp Uuencode a file to stdout .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-m Use base64 encoding per RFC1521 .Ve .IP "\fBvconfig\fR" 4 .IX Item "vconfig" vconfig \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Create and remove virtual ethernet devices .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 6 \& add [interface\-name] [vlan_id] \& rem [vlan\-name] \& set_flag [interface\-name] [flag\-num] [0 | 1] \& set_egress_map [vlan\-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos] \& set_ingress_map [vlan\-name] [skb_priority] [vlan_qos] \& set_name_type [name\-type] .Ve .IP "\fBvi\fR" 4 .IX Item "vi" vi [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Edit \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-c Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available) \& \-R Read\-only \- do not write to the file \& \-H Short help regarding available features .Ve .IP "\fBvlock\fR" 4 .IX Item "vlock" vlock [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] .Sp Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-a Lock all VTs .Ve .IP "\fBvolname\fR" 4 .IX Item "volname" volname [\s-1DEVICE\s0] .Sp Show \s-1CD\s0 volume name of the \s-1DEVICE\s0 (default /dev/cdrom) .IP "\fBwatch\fR" 4 .IX Item "watch" watch [\-n seconds] [\-t] \s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 periodically .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 2 \& \-n Loop period in seconds (default 2) \& \-t Don\*(Aqt print header .Ve .IP "\fBwatchdog\fR" 4 .IX Item "watchdog" watchdog [\-t N[ms]] [\-T N[ms]] [\-F] \s-1DEV\s0 .Sp Periodically write to watchdog device \s-1DEV\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 3 \& \-T N Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60) \& \-t N Reset every N seconds (default 30) \& \-F Run in foreground .Ve .Sp Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds .IP "\fBwc\fR" 4 .IX Item "wc" wc [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]... .Sp Print line, word, and byte counts for each \s-1FILE\s0, and a total line if more than one \s-1FILE\s0 is specified. With no \s-1FILE\s0, read standard input. .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-c Print the byte counts \& \-l Print the newline counts \& \-L Print the length of the longest line \& \-w Print the word counts .Ve .IP "\fBwget\fR" 4 .IX Item "wget" wget [\-c|\-\-continue] [\-s|\-\-spider] [\-q|\-\-quiet] [\-O|\-\-output\-document file] [\-\-header 'header: value'] [\-Y|\-\-proxy on/off] [\-P \s-1DIR\s0] [\-U|\-\-user\-agent agent] url .Sp Retrieve files via \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1FTP\s0 .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 7 \& \-s Spider mode \- only check file existence \& \-c Continue retrieval of aborted transfer \& \-q Quiet \& \-P Set directory prefix to DIR \& \-O Save to filename (\*(Aq\-\*(Aq for stdout) \& \-U Adjust \*(AqUser\-Agent\*(Aq field \& \-Y Use proxy (\*(Aqon\*(Aq or \*(Aqoff\*(Aq) .Ve .IP "\fBwhich\fR" 4 .IX Item "which" which [\s-1COMMAND\s0]... .Sp Locate a \s-1COMMAND\s0 .IP "\fBwho\fR" 4 .IX Item "who" who [\-a] .Sp Show who is logged on .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 1 \& \-a show all .Ve .IP "\fBwhoami\fR" 4 .IX Item "whoami" whoami .Sp Print the user name associated with the current effective user id .IP "\fBxargs\fR" 4 .IX Item "xargs" xargs [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1PROG\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]] .Sp Run \s-1PROG\s0 on every item given by standard input .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 8 \& \-p Ask user whether to run each command \& \-r Do not run command if input is empty \& \-0 Input is separated by NUL characters \& \-t Print the command on stderr before execution \& \-e[STR] STR stops input processing \& \-n N Pass no more than N args to PROG \& \-s N Pass command line of no more than N bytes \& \-x Exit if size is exceeded .Ve .IP "\fByes\fR" 4 .IX Item "yes" yes [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\s-1STRING\s0] .Sp Repeatedly output a line with \s-1STRING\s0, or 'y' .IP "\fBzcat\fR" 4 .IX Item "zcat" zcat \s-1FILE\s0 .Sp Uncompress to stdout .IP "\fBzcip\fR" 4 .IX Item "zcip" zcip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1IFACE\s0 \s-1SCRIPT\s0 .Sp Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address .Sp Options: .Sp .Vb 4 \& \-f Run in foreground \& \-q Quit after obtaining address \& \-r 169.254.x.x Request this address first \& \-v Verbose .Ve .Sp With no \-q, runs continuously monitoring for \s-1ARP\s0 conflicts, exits only on I/O errors (link down etc) .SH "LIBC NSS" .IX Header "LIBC NSS" \&\s-1GNU\s0 Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (\s-1NSS\s0) to configure the behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make use of \s-1NSS\s0. Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions that require \s-1NSS\s0. .PP If you enable \s-1CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP\s0, BusyBox will use internal functions to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without using \s-1NSS\s0. This may allow you to run your system without the need for installing any of the \s-1NSS\s0 configuration files and libraries. .PP When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require that you install at least some of the glibc \s-1NSS\s0 stuff (in particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*). .PP Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the use of any \s-1NSS\s0 support files or libraries. .SH "MAINTAINER" .IX Header "MAINTAINER" Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com> .SH "AUTHORS" .IX Header "AUTHORS" The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update. .PP Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it> run-parts .PP Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org> .PP .Vb 4 \& Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the \& core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files. \& Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that \& nobody is going to actually read. .Ve .PP Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk> .PP .Vb 1 \& rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm .Ve .PP Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& ftpput, ftpget .Ve .PP Edward Betts <edward@debian.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& expr, hostid, logname, whoami .Ve .PP John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& du, nslookup, sort .Ve .PP Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& tiny\-ls(ls) .Ve .PP Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& fbset, ping, hostname .Ve .PP Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com> .PP .Vb 2 \& more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file, \& various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance .Ve .PP Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net> .PP .Vb 1 \& ipcalc .Ve .PP Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se> .PP .Vb 1 \& tftp client insmod powerpc support .Ve .PP Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov> .PP .Vb 1 \& pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes. .Ve .PP Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& httpd .Ve .PP Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com> .PP .Vb 2 \& Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support, \& logread), various fixes. .Ve .PP Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c. .Ve .PP Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& mktemp.c .Ve .PP Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu> .PP .Vb 1 \& documentation, bugfixes, test suite .Ve .PP Stephan Linz <linz@li\-pro.net> .PP .Vb 1 \& ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence .Ve .PP John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& tr .Ve .PP Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au> .PP .Vb 3 \& Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput, \& nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode. \& Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches. .Ve .PP Manuel Novoa \s-1III\s0 <mjn3@codepoet.org> .PP .Vb 3 \& cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes, \& mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string, \& get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines \& \& also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in \& ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir, \& mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable, \& interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route .Ve .PP Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru> .PP .Vb 4 \& cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current); \& ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top; \& locale, various fixes \& and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect. .Ve .PP Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com> .PP .Vb 2 \& Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can \& still be found hiding here and there... .Ve .PP Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& bug fixes, member of fan club .Ve .PP Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches. .Ve .PP Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& wget \- Contributed by permission of Covad Communications .Ve .PP Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org> .PP .Vb 1 \& Lots of bugs fixes and patches. .Ve .PP Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis\-sw.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& Remote logging feature for syslogd .Ve .PP Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix .Ve .PP Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org> .PP .Vb 2 \& grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous), \& style\-guide, new\-applet\-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc. .Ve .PP Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com> .PP .Vb 1 \& gzip, mini\-netcat(nc) .Ve .PP Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es> .PP .Vb 1 \& tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance .Ve .PP Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it> .PP .Vb 1 \& devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt. .Ve
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